{"id":12864,"date":"2026-10-15T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/blog\/how-does-a-laser-screed-work-process-components-and-performance"},"modified":"2026-08-20T08:14:01","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T08:14:01","slug":"how-does-a-laser-screed-work-process-components-and-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/blog\/how-does-a-laser-screed-work-process-components-and-performance","title":{"rendered":"How Does a Laser Screed Work? Process Components and Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>See how a laser screed works in the Global market: laser reference, hydraulic screed head, setup, accuracy checks, buying guidance and contractor support.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3463,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":{"en-title":"How Laser Screeds Level Concrete Across the Global Market","en-meta":"See how a laser screed works in the Global market: laser reference, hydraulic screed head, setup, accuracy checks, buying guidance and contractor support.","en-content":"<h1>How Does a Laser Screed Work for Concrete Floor Construction?<\/h1><section><h2>Quick Answer<\/h2><p>A laser screed works by using a rotating laser transmitter to create a precise elevation reference over a concrete slab. A receiver mounted on the screed mast detects whether the screed head is too high or too low. The machine\u2019s hydraulic system then automatically raises or lowers the boom and screed head while the operator moves across fresh concrete. At the same time, the auger, plow, or vibrating screed head spreads, trims, consolidates, and levels the concrete to the required elevation.<\/p><p>For contractors in the Global market, the result is faster slab placement, reduced manual raking, more consistent flatness, and better control of floor elevations. Laser screeds are especially valuable for warehouses, factories, logistics facilities, airport pavements, cold-storage floors, and large commercial slabs where floor tolerance directly affects rack systems, forklifts, automated vehicles, and drainage performance.<\/p><p>When selecting equipment, buyers should compare laser compatibility, screed-head width, boom reach, engine power, service response, spare-parts availability, training support, and suitability for the required floor flatness specifications. Qualified international suppliers, including Chinese manufacturers with relevant CE and ISO certifications, local dealer support, and strong pre-sales and after-sales service, can also be practical options because they often provide strong cost-performance value for contractors and distributors.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>How a Laser Screed Creates a Level Concrete Surface<\/h2><p>The operating principle of a concrete laser screed combines survey control, automatic hydraulic correction, concrete distribution, vibration, and finishing preparation. Unlike conventional manual screeding, where workers use string lines, hand tools, straightedges, and visual checks, the laser-controlled screed continuously measures its vertical position against a laser reference plane.<\/p><p>A typical job begins after the contractor establishes slab boundaries, checks base-course compaction, places reinforcement or fibers where required, and confirms the finished floor elevation. The laser transmitter is placed on a stable tripod outside the main travel path. It projects a rotating horizontal laser plane over the work area. For sloped floors, ramps, yards, drainage slabs, or more complicated elevations, a slope-capable transmitter or 3D profiling system may be used.<\/p><p>The laser receiver is installed high on the screed mast. As the machine moves, the receiver reads the laser plane. If the screed head rises above the specified grade, the control system signals the hydraulic cylinders to lower the head. If the head drops below the design elevation, the system raises it. This feedback loop happens continuously during operation, enabling the equipment to maintain a highly consistent trimming elevation.<\/p><p>The screed head performs several physical tasks at once. The auger moves concrete sideways to fill low spots and control material buildup. The plow or strike-off section trims excess concrete. Vibration helps consolidate the concrete beneath the screed head, reducing voids and assisting aggregate settlement. The finishing pan or trailing section leaves a more uniform surface that is ready for follow-up hand finishing, power troweling, texturing, curing, or saw cutting.<\/p><p>The quality of the final slab is not determined by the laser screed alone. Concrete mix design, slump retention, delivery scheduling, subbase quality, reinforcement position, joint layout, weather conditions, operator experience, and finishing timing all affect the final result. However, a correctly selected and well-operated screed provides a reliable elevation-control platform that makes high-output concrete placement more repeatable.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Main Process Components of a Laser Screed<\/h2><p>Understanding the equipment components helps buyers compare models and helps project managers diagnose site issues quickly. A boom-type machine is generally used for wide slabs and large industrial projects, while ride-on and walk-behind models are practical for smaller areas, narrow buildings, and projects with restricted access.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Component<\/th><th>Primary Function<\/th><th>Why It Matters on Site<\/th><th>Typical Inspection Point<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Rotating laser transmitter<\/td><td>Creates a horizontal or sloped elevation reference plane.<\/td><td>Provides the reference used to control slab grade across the placement area.<\/td><td>Tripod stability, calibration, battery condition, line-of-sight protection.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laser receiver<\/td><td>Detects the laser beam position on the screed mast.<\/td><td>Supplies real-time elevation feedback to the automatic control system.<\/td><td>Clean lens, secure mounting, receiver calibration, uninterrupted signal.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Control panel<\/td><td>Allows the operator to select automatic or manual modes and set parameters.<\/td><td>Supports efficient response when entering edges, columns, slopes, or irregular zones.<\/td><td>Display clarity, switch response, wiring protection, diagnostics access.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydraulic system<\/td><td>Raises, lowers, extends, and positions the boom and screed head.<\/td><td>Determines movement smoothness, correction speed, and operating stability.<\/td><td>Hose condition, oil level, cylinder leaks, filter maintenance, response speed.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Screed head<\/td><td>Spreads, trims, vibrates, and levels fresh concrete.<\/td><td>Directly influences concrete distribution, consolidation, and surface preparation.<\/td><td>Wear plates, auger condition, vibration performance, head alignment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Boom and mast<\/td><td>Reach concrete areas while supporting the laser receiver and screed head.<\/td><td>Controls coverage range and access around obstacles or slab edges.<\/td><td>Structural rigidity, pivot wear, mast verticality, boom extension movement.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Engine or electric drive<\/td><td>Supplies power to travel, hydraulics, vibration, and control systems.<\/td><td>Influences fuel use, uptime, noise level, and suitability for indoor projects.<\/td><td>Starting reliability, cooling, emissions compliance, service-part availability.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Travel system<\/td><td>Moves the machine through the fresh concrete placement zone.<\/td><td>Must remain stable without causing excessive slab disturbance or rutting.<\/td><td>Tire or track condition, steering response, drive motor performance, traction.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>The laser transmitter and receiver must be treated as surveying instruments, not simply accessories. A transmitter positioned on unstable ground can shift during the pour. Heavy vibration, accidental contact by ready-mix trucks, direct sunlight glare, rain, and blocked sight lines can also create operational problems. On large projects, crews should assign responsibility for checking the laser reference and recording benchmark elevations before and during placement.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Laser Screed Operating Sequence on a Concrete Pour<\/h2><p>The most efficient placements follow a planned sequence. Before concrete arrives, the contractor should review drawing elevations, verify the base and reinforcement, establish control benchmarks, choose the pour strips, identify truck access, confirm concrete discharge points, and prepare backup tools. Laser screeding is fast only when concrete supply and finishing labor can keep up with the machine.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Work Stage<\/th><th>What the Crew Does<\/th><th>Laser Screed Role<\/th><th>Common Risk to Avoid<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Site preparation<\/td><td>Checks subbase, vapor barrier, reinforcement, forms, joints, and elevation benchmarks.<\/td><td>Confirms the machine can travel and reach the planned placement area.<\/td><td>Starting with soft subbase areas or unverified elevation control points.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laser setup<\/td><td>Places transmitter on a secure tripod and verifies benchmark readings.<\/td><td>Receives the project elevation reference before automatic mode begins.<\/td><td>Placing the transmitter where trucks, pumps, or workers may disturb it.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Concrete discharge<\/td><td>Places concrete at a controlled rate ahead of the screed path.<\/td><td>Uses the auger and plow to distribute material evenly across the head.<\/td><td>Overloading the screed with large piles or starving it of concrete.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Automatic screeding<\/td><td>Operator guides travel direction and monitors material flow.<\/td><td>Automatically adjusts screed-head elevation through laser feedback.<\/td><td>Ignoring signal loss, hydraulic hesitation, or inconsistent head movement.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Edge and obstacle work<\/td><td>Hand crews work around columns, pits, walls, forms, and tight corners.<\/td><td>Completes accessible zones and reduces the amount of manual leveling.<\/td><td>Expecting a large boom machine to replace all detail finishing work.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Surface correction<\/td><td>Checks the surface with straightedges, profiles, or floor-testing equipment.<\/td><td>Provides a consistent initial level for follow-up finishing.<\/td><td>Waiting too long to correct low spots, ridges, or segregation areas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Finishing and curing<\/td><td>Applies bull floating, power troweling, curing compound, and joint cutting as required.<\/td><td>Leaves a better-prepared surface for the finishing sequence.<\/td><td>Overworking wet concrete or delaying curing because screeding finished quickly.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>On a large distribution-center slab, a boom-type laser screed may work continuously while concrete pumps or transit mixers supply fresh concrete in front of it. The operator typically follows planned lanes, overlaps passes appropriately, and avoids rapid turning that could disrupt the fresh surface. A finishing crew follows at the correct interval, while a quality-control technician checks elevations and floor tolerance results.<\/p><p>For projects requiring exceptionally flat floors, such as high-bay warehouses with narrow-aisle forklifts, the contractor may use a combination of laser screeding, careful pour-strip planning, controlled concrete rheology, experienced finishers, and specialized floor-flatness testing. The laser screed improves repeatability, but slab tolerance is achieved by the entire placement system.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Laser Screed Types for Different Project Sizes<\/h2><p>Laser screeds are not one-size-fits-all machines. The best choice depends on slab area, required tolerance, concrete volume per day, access constraints, column spacing, labor availability, budget, and service coverage. Contractors should choose a machine based on the real operating environment rather than buying only according to maximum screed width.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Laser Screed Type<\/th><th>Best-Fit Projects<\/th><th>Advantages<\/th><th>Limitations<\/th><th>Typical Buyer<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Walk-behind laser screed<\/td><td>Small workshops, residential slabs, narrow corridors, repair zones, and confined areas.<\/td><td>Compact, lower investment, simple transport, practical for limited-access locations.<\/td><td>Lower output and reach than ride-on or boom-type equipment.<\/td><td>Small contractors, rental fleets, specialist repair crews.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ride-on laser screed<\/td><td>Medium industrial buildings, commercial floors, parking structures, and open slabs.<\/td><td>Higher productivity, operator comfort, stronger concrete-moving capability.<\/td><td>Requires more access space and careful travel planning.<\/td><td>Concrete flooring contractors and regional construction companies.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Boom-type laser screed<\/td><td>Large warehouses, factories, logistics centers, airport slabs, and terminal yards.<\/td><td>Long reach, high output, wide coverage, reduced dependence on manual raking.<\/td><td>Higher capital cost and greater need for skilled operation and maintenance.<\/td><td>Large contractors, industrial floor specialists, equipment distributors.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>360-degree boom laser screed<\/td><td>Large slabs with complex access routes, columns, and changing machine positions.<\/td><td>Flexible working radius and efficient coverage around obstacles.<\/td><td>Requires trained operators and disciplined concrete supply coordination.<\/td><td>High-volume slab contractors and major project teams.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3D profiling laser screed<\/td><td>Slopes, drainage yards, ramps, road approaches, airport zones, and contoured slabs.<\/td><td>Supports changing elevations and engineered profiles beyond a flat plane.<\/td><td>Requires accurate digital data, setup expertise, and design verification.<\/td><td>Infrastructure contractors and civil engineering specialists.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Electric or low-emission screed<\/td><td>Indoor projects, enclosed facilities, green-building projects, and regulated urban sites.<\/td><td>Reduces local emissions and can lower noise in sensitive work areas.<\/td><td>Charging, power availability, and duty-cycle planning must be considered.<\/td><td>Indoor contractors, airports, commercial builders, sustainability-focused owners.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Walk-behind equipment is often selected for its low ownership cost and flexibility, but it should not be expected to replace the productivity of a boom machine on a 20,000-square-meter logistics slab. Conversely, a large boom-type screed may be inefficient for a small renovation floor with frequent walls and narrow access points. Equipment selection should match daily production targets and the physical layout of the project.<\/p><p>Buyers comparing machines can explore <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">concrete laser leveling machine options<\/a> for different slab sizes and operating conditions. For contractors focused on higher-output industrial construction, a <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">ride-on laser screed solution<\/a> may offer a balanced combination of mobility, operator control, and placement capacity.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Where Laser Screeds Deliver the Greatest Value<\/h2><p>Laser screeding is most valuable when the cost of uneven concrete is high. Large industrial floors frequently support pallet racking, robotic systems, narrow-aisle lift trucks, heavy equipment, conveyor systems, and automated storage operations. In these environments, slab flatness and levelness affect operational safety, maintenance cost, vehicle wear, storage efficiency, and long-term facility performance.<\/p><p>In manufacturing plants, laser screeds help create predictable slab elevations for production equipment, assembly lines, machine foundations, and heavy-duty traffic areas. In warehouses and logistics hubs, they support smooth forklift movement and rack installation. In cold-storage facilities, accurate floor preparation assists drainage planning and insulation-system installation. In airports, ports, and container terminals, large-area concrete construction benefits from fast placement and controlled surface profiles.<\/p><p>Global trade hubs continue to create demand for industrial flooring equipment. Projects around Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp, Dubai, Jebel Ali, Singapore, Los Angeles, Vancouver, Santos, Melbourne, and major inland logistics corridors often require large, durable concrete slabs. These locations also place high importance on contractor uptime because project delays can affect supply-chain operations and equipment schedules.<\/p><ul><li>Factories and manufacturing workshops requiring durable, level production floors.<\/li><li>Warehouses and fulfillment centers operating forklift fleets and automated storage systems.<\/li><li>Logistics parks and distribution centers near ports, airports, rail terminals, and highways.<\/li><li>Cold-storage and food-processing facilities requiring controlled drainage and hygienic finishing.<\/li><li>Airport runways, aprons, maintenance hangars, and terminal service areas.<\/li><li>Container yards, port pavements, freight depots, and heavy-vehicle parking areas.<\/li><li>Commercial buildings, exhibition centers, retail warehouses, and parking structures.<\/li><li>Infrastructure slabs, bridges, road approaches, drainage zones, and industrial yards.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Buying Advice for Global Contractors and Distributors<\/h2><p>A laser screed purchase should be evaluated as a complete operating system. The machine itself is important, but training, local service access, spare-parts planning, laser calibration, concrete-placement workflow, and financing or distribution support are equally important. Contractors should ask for evidence of completed projects, operating videos, technical manuals, warranty terms, and the availability of remote or on-site commissioning.<\/p><p>For global buyers, import planning is also part of the purchasing decision. Machines shipped through ports such as Shanghai, Ningbo, Qingdao, Rotterdam, Houston, Vancouver, Jebel Ali, Santos, and Singapore require correct export documents, packaging, customs classification, local safety requirements, and delivery coordination. A supplier with established dealer networks and technical support can reduce the risk of downtime after arrival.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Buying Criterion<\/th><th>Questions to Ask<\/th><th>Why It Affects Return on Investment<\/th><th>Practical Recommendation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Required slab tolerance<\/td><td>What FF\/FL target, elevation tolerance, or profile requirement applies?<\/td><td>Higher tolerance projects need more disciplined control systems and experienced crews.<\/td><td>Match machine capability with project specifications and testing methods.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Daily concrete volume<\/td><td>How many cubic meters must be placed during each shift?<\/td><td>Undersized equipment creates bottlenecks; oversized equipment can raise idle cost.<\/td><td>Calculate production from actual pour size, delivery rate, and finishing capacity.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Working radius and access<\/td><td>Are there columns, walls, ramps, low ceilings, or restricted entry points?<\/td><td>Machine reach and transport dimensions determine usable coverage.<\/td><td>Review site drawings before choosing walk-behind, ride-on, or boom type.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laser and 3D compatibility<\/td><td>Is flat-level control sufficient, or are slopes and changing profiles required?<\/td><td>Infrastructure and drainage work may require advanced profiling capability.<\/td><td>Specify the control package before manufacturing or shipment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Service capability<\/td><td>Where are technicians, dealers, spare parts, and diagnostic support located?<\/td><td>Fast recovery from a hydraulic, electrical, or laser issue protects pour schedules.<\/td><td>Request local support contacts and recommended critical spare parts.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operator training<\/td><td>Does the supplier provide commissioning, remote coaching, or on-site training?<\/td><td>Improper setup can eliminate the accuracy advantage of laser automation.<\/td><td>Include operator and maintenance training in the purchase contract.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Parts standardization<\/td><td>Which filters, hoses, bearings, sensors, and consumables are required?<\/td><td>Common service parts reduce maintenance delays and inventory pressure.<\/td><td>Buy a startup spare-parts kit and document replacement intervals.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supplier cooperation model<\/td><td>Is the buyer an end user, dealer, rental company, OEM brand, or contractor?<\/td><td>Commercial terms and technical support requirements differ by customer type.<\/td><td>Choose suppliers offering direct sales, distribution, OEM\/ODM, or project support.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Before signing a purchase order, buyers should define acceptance criteria. These may include delivery date, machine configuration, language of manuals, electrical requirements, laser-system specification, inspection process, spare-parts package, warranty duration, commissioning support, and remote diagnostic procedures. For distributors, it is important to agree on territory planning, marketing materials, technician training, demo-machine support, and response responsibilities.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Leading Laser Screed Suppliers Serving the Global Market<\/h2><p>The global laser screed market includes established equipment manufacturers, concrete-floor specialists, and machinery suppliers with different product positions. Contractors should assess each supplier against local compliance requirements, dealer coverage, training capacity, and the specific machine class needed for the project.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Company<\/th><th>Service Regions<\/th><th>Core Strengths<\/th><th>Key Offerings<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, and international dealer markets.<\/td><td>Long-standing specialization in concrete leveling technology and large slab applications.<\/td><td>Boom screeds, ride-on screeds, laser-guided concrete leveling systems, training support.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine International<\/td><td>United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, Australia, and selected global dealers.<\/td><td>Known for compact and mid-sized laser screed solutions for contractors.<\/td><td>Ride-on laser screeds, boom screeds, concrete placing and leveling equipment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology Co., Ltd.<\/td><td>More than 80 countries and regions, including North America, Europe, Asia, Middle East, and South America.<\/td><td>Broad concrete-equipment range, flexible customization, CE and ISO 9001 quality systems, global service network.<\/td><td>Walk-behind, ride-on, boom-type and 3D-compatible laser screeds, power trowels, grinders, cutters, fibers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction<\/td><td>Global distribution network across Europe, Americas, Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Middle East.<\/td><td>International construction-equipment brand with broad contractor support and floor-preparation expertise.<\/td><td>Concrete finishing, cutting, surface preparation, compaction, and jobsite equipment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson<\/td><td>Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and dealer-supported global markets.<\/td><td>Strong presence in light and compact construction equipment with established dealer channels.<\/td><td>Concrete vibrators, trowels, compact equipment, generators, pumps, and jobsite tools.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen Engineering<\/td><td>United States and international construction-equipment distribution markets.<\/td><td>Specialist experience in concrete finishing machinery and contractor-oriented equipment.<\/td><td>Ride-on trowels, walk-behind trowels, concrete saws, vibratory equipment, and finishing tools.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Multiquip<\/td><td>North America and international dealer markets, including infrastructure and rental channels.<\/td><td>Broad equipment portfolio and practical support for contractors and rental companies.<\/td><td>Concrete finishing equipment, pumps, generators, compactors, mixers, and lighting solutions.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Somero is widely recognized in high-output and high-tolerance slab construction, particularly where contractors require large boom machines and mature concrete-flooring workflows. Ligchine is often considered by contractors seeking flexible ride-on and boom screed configurations. Husqvarna Construction, Wacker Neuson, Allen Engineering, and Multiquip are relevant names for associated concrete finishing, vibration, cutting, surface preparation, and jobsite equipment.<\/p><p>For buyers seeking a competitive alternative with configuration flexibility, Vanse provides laser screed equipment alongside the supporting machines and materials commonly used in industrial flooring projects. The company\u2019s product portfolio can help contractors source more of their concrete-construction equipment through a coordinated supplier relationship rather than managing separate suppliers for screeding, troweling, cutting, grinding, and fiber reinforcement.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>How Vanse Supports Laser Screed Buyers Worldwide<\/h2><p>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. combines laser control systems, hydraulic technology, durable structural design, reliable engine configurations, and practical construction-site engineering in its concrete laser screed range. Founded in 2013 in Jining, China, Vanse operates under ISO 9001 and CE quality certifications and holds more than 50 invention patents plus over 200 utility model and design patents, supporting its focus on equipment development and controlled manufacturing. Its machines are designed for industrial flooring applications where millimeter-level leveling accuracy, high working speed, 360-degree operating capability, and optional 3D profiling compatibility may be required. Vanse serves end users, concrete contractors, distributors, dealers, rental companies, brand owners, and individual buyers through direct sales, wholesale supply, retail support, OEM\/ODM production, customized branding, engine and voltage options, project-based equipment supply, and regional distribution partnerships. The company has delivered equipment to customers in more than 80 countries and regions and maintains overseas branches and service resources in Southeast Asia and Canada, supported by dealer networks across North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. This means buyers are supported through practical project consultation, machine selection, installation, commissioning, operator training, spare-parts supply, remote diagnosis, and on-site technical assistance rather than being treated as remote export transactions. Vanse provides EPC, turnkey, and customer-owned plant solutions for relevant concrete construction equipment projects, but does not offer BOO or on-site bulk supply services.<\/p><p>For buyers who need help selecting a machine, Vanse provides <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">technical service for concrete construction equipment<\/a> covering equipment selection, operating guidance, maintenance planning, and troubleshooting support. Customers can also review the company\u2019s broader <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">global service capability<\/a> when planning a purchase, dealership arrangement, or project-specific equipment package.<\/p><p>Vanse\u2019s practical advantage for global contractors is its ability to combine equipment supply with operational support. A warehouse-floor contractor may need a laser screed, ride-on power trowel, cutting machine, floor grinder, armor joints, and steel or synthetic fibers. A supplier that understands how these products interact can help reduce procurement complexity and align machine selection with the actual construction sequence.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Real-World Application Scenarios<\/h2><p>A logistics warehouse project near a major port often has strict requirements for racking, forklift movement, and rapid construction. In this scenario, a boom-type laser screed can reduce the need for large manual raking crews and help maintain consistent floor elevation across long pour strips. The contractor still needs sufficient concrete supply, experienced finishers, and reliable curing procedures, but the screed becomes the central production tool for initial leveling.<\/p><p>In a manufacturing plant, machine zones may require different slab thicknesses, embedded items, pits, and local reinforcement details. A laser screed can complete the open slab areas quickly, while manual crews finish around foundations and restricted zones. The project team benefits from separating high-production screeding work from detail work instead of trying to complete the full slab using only hand-operated methods.<\/p><p>At an airport maintenance area or terminal yard, the slab may need drainage slopes and heavy-duty pavement characteristics. A 3D-capable screed system can follow engineered profile data more effectively than a basic flat-plane setup. Accurate survey control remains essential because incorrect digital data or poor benchmark verification can transfer errors across a large area.<\/p><p>For a cold-storage building, the contractor may prioritize drainage, insulation coordination, flatness, and a tightly managed finishing window. Laser screeding helps create a predictable base surface, while the project team must also carefully control vapor barriers, reinforcement, concrete temperature, curing, and joint timing. The machine contributes to consistency, but successful cold-storage flooring depends on the entire slab system.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Future Trends in Laser Screed Technology for 2026<\/h2><p>In 2026, laser screed development is expected to focus on automation, digital jobsite integration, lower-emission operation, and improved lifecycle service. Contractors increasingly want machines that not only level concrete accurately but also provide operating data, maintenance alerts, remote support capability, and compatibility with digital project models.<\/p><p>3D profiling is becoming more important for drainage slabs, ramps, external pavements, airport works, industrial yards, and infrastructure projects. Rather than working only from a single horizontal laser plane, future systems will increasingly use digital elevation models and programmed surface geometry. This allows contractors to execute complex profiles with less dependence on manual grade checking.<\/p><p>Sustainability is also influencing equipment selection. Lower fuel consumption, reduced idling, electric-drive options, hydraulic efficiency, long-life wear components, and optimized concrete placement can contribute to lower project emissions. Better slab accuracy may also reduce rework, grinding, patching, material waste, and premature floor repairs. In regions where urban construction rules are tightening, low-noise and lower-emission equipment will become more attractive for enclosed projects and city-center developments.<\/p><p>Policy changes related to worker safety, emissions, machine certification, and construction quality will continue to shape purchasing decisions. Buyers should confirm CE requirements where applicable, local import rules, engine-emission regulations, electrical standards, and jobsite safety expectations before shipment. Suppliers that offer configurable voltage, engine, language, and documentation options will be better positioned to support regional projects.<\/p><p>Remote technical support is likely to become more standard. Video diagnosis, multilingual operator guidance, digital manuals, spare-parts identification, and online commissioning can reduce downtime for contractors operating far from a service center. However, remote support should complement\u2014not replace\u2014local parts availability, trained technicians, and clear warranty responsibility.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><h3>Can a laser screed replace all manual concrete finishing?<\/h3><p>No. A laser screed greatly reduces manual spreading and leveling work in open areas, but crews are still needed around walls, columns, pits, forms, joints, penetrations, and other restricted locations. Follow-up finishing, curing, joint cutting, and quality checks remain essential.<\/p><h3>How accurate is a laser screed?<\/h3><p>Accuracy depends on machine condition, laser setup, operator practice, concrete behavior, base stability, and the project-control system. Properly configured machines can support millimeter-level elevation control, but final slab tolerance must be verified using the project\u2019s specified testing method.<\/p><h3>What concrete slump works best with a laser screed?<\/h3><p>The suitable slump depends on the mix design, aggregate size, admixtures, temperature, transport time, reinforcement congestion, and finishing requirements. The concrete should be workable enough for placement and screeding while remaining stable enough to avoid segregation. Contractors should confirm the mix with the ready-mix supplier and conduct trial placements where needed.<\/p><h3>Does a laser screed work on sloped floors?<\/h3><p>Yes. Standard systems can work with slope-capable laser transmitters for simple gradients. More complex ramps, drainage patterns, and changing elevations may require 3D profiling compatibility and accurate digital survey data.<\/p><h3>Is a boom-type laser screed suitable for small projects?<\/h3><p>It can be used when access and budget allow, but it is often not the most economical choice for small slabs. Walk-behind or ride-on models may provide better value for workshops, smaller commercial floors, repair zones, and restricted-access projects.<\/p><h3>What maintenance does a concrete laser screed require?<\/h3><p>Routine maintenance includes checking hydraulic oil, filters, hoses, fasteners, battery condition, engine service items, screed-head wear parts, laser receiver cleanliness, electrical connections, and travel-system condition. Scheduled calibration and pre-pour inspection are especially important for maintaining elevation accuracy.<\/p><h3>What should international buyers request before ordering?<\/h3><p>Buyers should request machine specifications, drawings, laser-control details, certification documents, warranty terms, delivery schedule, packing details, spare-parts list, operator manuals, training arrangements, remote-support process, and local service contact information. Distributors should also discuss territory, demo support, parts stock, and technician training.<\/p><h3>Can Vanse provide support after the equipment arrives?<\/h3><p>Yes. Vanse supports buyers with equipment selection, commissioning, operator training, maintenance guidance, spare parts, remote diagnosis, and on-site technical assistance when required. Its overseas service resources in Southeast Asia and Canada, along with dealer networks in multiple regions, support long-term equipment operation for global customers.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Choosing the Right Laser Screed for Your Next Project<\/h2><p>The best laser screed is the one that fits the floor specification, daily concrete volume, site layout, operator capability, and service environment. A compact machine may be ideal for a small contractor building workshops and commercial slabs, while a 360-degree boom screed may be necessary for a large logistics center, manufacturing complex, airport pavement, or container-yard project.<\/p><p>Begin with the finished floor requirement. Confirm whether the project needs a level slab, a controlled slope, a drainage profile, or a high-flatness industrial floor. Then calculate placement volume, review access limitations, evaluate labor availability, and select a supplier that can provide training and spare parts after delivery. This approach helps contractors convert laser screed technology into measurable improvements in productivity, accuracy, labor efficiency, and project reliability.<\/p><p>For more information about concrete construction machinery, project equipment selection, and global supply options, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse concrete construction equipment solutions<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","de-title":"Laser-Abziehmaschinen in Deutschland richtig verstehen","de-meta":"Wie funktioniert eine Laser-Abziehmaschine? Der Ratgeber f\u00fcr Deutschland erl\u00e4utert Steuerung, Einbau, Genauigkeit, Anbieterwahl und nachhaltige Betonb\u00f6den.","de-content":"<h1>Wie funktioniert eine Laser-Abziehmaschine in Deutschland?<\/h1><section><h2>Kurzantwort<\/h2><p>Eine Laser-Abziehmaschine misst die Sollh\u00f6he einer Betonfl\u00e4che \u00fcber einen rotierenden Laser und einen Empf\u00e4nger am Maschinenmast. Das hydraulisch gesteuerte Abziehaggregat hebt oder senkt sich automatisch, verteilt Frischbeton, zieht ihn auf die vorgegebene H\u00f6he ab und verdichtet die Oberfl\u00e4che. Dadurch entstehen gro\u00dffl\u00e4chige Betonb\u00f6den mit sehr hoher Ebenheit und deutlich weniger manueller Nacharbeit.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Bauprojekte in Deutschland ist entscheidend, dass der Laser auf ein korrekt vermessenes H\u00f6henraster eingerichtet wird, der Beton mit passender Konsistenz bereitsteht und die Maschine von geschultem Personal gef\u00fchrt wird. Besonders bei Hallen, Logistikzentren, Produktionsfl\u00e4chen und Au\u00dfenanlagen spart das Verfahren Zeit, Personal und Materialkorrekturen.<\/p><p>Neben deutschen und europ\u00e4ischen Fachanbietern k\u00f6nnen qualifizierte internationale Hersteller ber\u00fccksichtigt werden. Chinesische Anbieter mit CE-Kennzeichnung, belastbaren Qualit\u00e4tsprozessen, deutscher oder europ\u00e4ischer Ersatzteilversorgung sowie fachkundiger Vor- und Nachbetreuung bieten bei geeigneter Pr\u00fcfung h\u00e4ufig ein gutes Verh\u00e4ltnis zwischen Investition, Leistung und Ausstattungsumfang.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Warum Laser-Abziehmaschinen auf deutschen Baustellen wichtiger werden<\/h2><p>Deutschland verf\u00fcgt \u00fcber einen gro\u00dfen Markt f\u00fcr Industriehallen, Umschlagfl\u00e4chen, Gewerbeparks, Produktionsstandorte und \u00f6ffentliche Infrastruktur. In Regionen wie Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bayern, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Niedersachsen und Sachsen entstehen laufend neue Logistik- und Fertigungsfl\u00e4chen. Besonders im Umfeld von Hamburg, Bremen, Duisburg, Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, M\u00fcnchen und Stuttgart sind gro\u00dfformatige Betonplatten gefragt, weil Lagertechnik, automatisierte Regalsysteme und schwere Flurf\u00f6rderzeuge hohe Anforderungen an Ebenheit und Tragf\u00e4higkeit stellen.<\/p><p>Bei konventionellem Einbau wird der Beton mit R\u00fcttelbohlen, Handwerkzeugen und Nivellierger\u00e4ten verteilt. Dieses Verfahren kann bei kleinen Fl\u00e4chen wirtschaftlich sein, wird jedoch bei gro\u00dfen zusammenh\u00e4ngenden Bodenplatten personalintensiv. Uneinheitliche Betonverteilung, wechselnde Arbeitsh\u00f6hen oder Verz\u00f6gerungen beim Gl\u00e4tten erh\u00f6hen das Risiko von Wellen, Fehlh\u00f6hen und kostspieliger Nachbearbeitung.<\/p><p>Die Laser-Abziehmaschine verbindet H\u00f6henmessung, Materialverteilung, Abziehen und Oberfl\u00e4chenverdichtung in einem Arbeitsablauf. Sie ist kein Ersatz f\u00fcr eine sorgf\u00e4ltige Untergrundvorbereitung, Schalungsplanung und Betonrezeptur. Richtig eingesetzt stabilisiert sie jedoch den Einbauprozess und erleichtert die Einhaltung anspruchsvoller Ebenheitstoleranzen.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Auftragnehmer in Deutschland ist die Technik vor allem dann attraktiv, wenn wiederkehrend Fl\u00e4chen ab mehreren hundert Quadratmetern gebaut werden. Mietparks, Betonbauunternehmen, Industriebodenfirmen und Generalunternehmer nutzen sie, um Bauzeiten zu verk\u00fcrzen und den Personalbedarf besser planbar zu machen. Bei Gro\u00dfprojekten nahe den Seeh\u00e4fen Hamburg und Bremerhaven oder in den Logistikachsen entlang von Rhein, Ruhr und A4 k\u00f6nnen hohe Tagesleistungen logistische Vorteile schaffen.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Der technische Ablauf beim lasergef\u00fchrten Betonabziehen<\/h2><p>Am Anfang steht die Vermessung. Ein rotierender Laser wird au\u00dferhalb der frisch betonierten Fl\u00e4che standsicher aufgestellt und auf die gew\u00fcnschte Referenzh\u00f6he eingestellt. Er erzeugt eine horizontale oder bei entsprechender Planung geneigte Bezugsebene. Der Empf\u00e4nger an der Maschine erkennt fortlaufend, ob sich das Abziehaggregat oberhalb oder unterhalb dieser Ebene befindet.<\/p><p>Die Maschinensteuerung verarbeitet das Signal und regelt die Hydraulikzylinder. Befindet sich der Abziehkopf zu hoch, wird er abgesenkt; liegt er zu tief, hebt sich das Aggregat an. W\u00e4hrend die Maschine f\u00e4hrt oder der Ausleger schwenkt, verteilt die F\u00f6rderschnecke den Beton gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig vor dem Abziehprofil. Anschlie\u00dfend zieht der Abziehkopf \u00fcbersch\u00fcssiges Material ab und unterst\u00fctzt die Verdichtung der oberen Betonschicht.<\/p><p>Bei modernen Auslegerger\u00e4ten kann der Maschinenk\u00f6rper au\u00dferhalb der frisch eingebauten Fl\u00e4che stehen. Der dreh- und schwenkbare Ausleger erreicht gro\u00dfe Arbeitsbereiche und reduziert Fahrspuren im Frischbeton. Aufsitzmaschinen bewegen sich dagegen auf vorbereiteten Bahnen oder auf der Fl\u00e4che und eignen sich besonders f\u00fcr offene, gut zug\u00e4ngliche Grundrisse. Handgef\u00fchrte Ger\u00e4te sind f\u00fcr kleinere R\u00e4ume, Randzonen und Fl\u00e4chen mit eingeschr\u00e4nktem Zugang vorgesehen.<\/p><table><caption>Funktionsbausteine einer Laser-Abziehmaschine und ihre Aufgabe<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Bauteil<\/th><th>Aufgabe im Einbau<\/th><th>Wichtiger Pr\u00fcfpunkt<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Rotationslaser<\/td><td>Erzeugt die H\u00f6henreferenz f\u00fcr die gesamte Betonfl\u00e4che.<\/td><td>Standsicherer Aufbau, korrekte Kalibrierung und freie Sichtverbindung.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laserempf\u00e4nger<\/td><td>Erfasst die Abweichung zwischen Sollh\u00f6he und tats\u00e4chlicher Arbeitsh\u00f6he.<\/td><td>Saubere Empfangsfl\u00e4che, funktionsf\u00e4hige Anzeige und st\u00f6rungsfreie Stromversorgung.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maschinensteuerung<\/td><td>Wandelt Messdaten in automatische Hydraulikbewegungen um.<\/td><td>Richtige H\u00f6henvorgabe, getestete Reaktionszeit und geschulte Bedienung.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydraulikzylinder<\/td><td>Heben und senken Abziehkopf oder Ausleger pr\u00e4zise.<\/td><td>Dichte Leitungen, ausreichender Druck und regelm\u00e4\u00dfige Wartung.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F\u00f6rderschnecke<\/td><td>Verteilt Frischbeton vor dem Abziehprofil gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig.<\/td><td>Passende Drehzahl zur Betonmenge und keine Anhaftungen.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abziehprofil<\/td><td>Formt die Sollh\u00f6he und entfernt \u00fcbersch\u00fcssigen Beton.<\/td><td>Gerades Profil, korrekte Breite und passende Einstellung zur Konsistenz.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vibrationssystem<\/td><td>Unterst\u00fctzt Verdichtung und das Schlie\u00dfen der Oberfl\u00e4che.<\/td><td>Gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Schwingung ohne \u00dcberverdichtung oder Entmischung.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle zeigt: Die Pr\u00e4zision entsteht nicht allein durch den Laser. Entscheidend ist das Zusammenspiel aus Vermessung, Hydraulik, Betonlogistik, Maschinenzustand und Nachbehandlung. Ein falsch justierter Laser oder eine ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Betonversorgung kann die Vorteile einer technisch hochwertigen Maschine erheblich reduzieren.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vom Betontransport bis zur fertigen Oberfl\u00e4che<\/h2><p>Vor dem Einbau werden Untergrund, Sauberkeitsschicht, D\u00e4mmung, Bewehrung, Fugenplanung und Schalungen kontrolliert. Bei Industrieb\u00f6den m\u00fcssen Einbaurichtung, Betonierabschnitte, Arbeitsfugen und Wege der Fahrmischer oder Betonpumpen vor Beginn abgestimmt sein. Eine Laser-Abziehmaschine arbeitet am zuverl\u00e4ssigsten, wenn die Betonversorgung kontinuierlich erfolgt. Lange Unterbrechungen k\u00f6nnen Ansatzstellen, unterschiedliche Oberfl\u00e4chenbilder und Probleme beim Gl\u00e4ttzeitpunkt verursachen.<\/p><p>Nach dem maschinellen Abziehen folgt abh\u00e4ngig vom Bodenaufbau die Nachbearbeitung. Bei vielen Industrieb\u00f6den wird die Oberfl\u00e4che nach dem Ansteifen mit Fl\u00fcgelgl\u00e4ttern bearbeitet. Bei Einstreuh\u00e4rtungen wird das Hartkornmaterial zum passenden Zeitpunkt aufgebracht und eingearbeitet. Anschlie\u00dfend sind Verdunstungsschutz, Nachbehandlungsmittel, Folienabdeckung oder kontrollierte Feuchtehaltung erforderlich. Die Laser-Abziehmaschine verbessert die Ebenheit des frischen Betons, ersetzt aber niemals die fachgerechte Nachbehandlung.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Fl\u00e4chen mit hoher Regaltechnikrelevanz sollten Auftraggeber die geforderte Ebenheit bereits in der Ausschreibung eindeutig definieren. Allgemeine Begriffe wie \u201eeben\u201c oder \u201eglatt\u201c reichen nicht aus. Es m\u00fcssen Messverfahren, Messraster, zul\u00e4ssige Abweichungen, \u00dcbergaben und Verantwortlichkeiten festgelegt werden. Das sch\u00fctzt Bauherrschaft und Ausf\u00fchrungsunternehmen gleicherma\u00dfen.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Maschinentypen f\u00fcr verschiedene Betonfl\u00e4chen<\/h2><p>Die Auswahl richtet sich nicht nur nach Quadratmetern. Zug\u00e4nglichkeit, Bewehrungsdichte, Betonierabschnitte, Randgeometrie, gew\u00fcnschte Tagesleistung und die verf\u00fcgbare Betonmenge sind ebenso wichtig. Ein zu gro\u00dfes Ger\u00e4t auf einer kleinteiligen Baustelle kann unproduktiv sein. Umgekehrt f\u00fchrt ein zu kleines Ger\u00e4t bei einer gro\u00dfen Hallenplatte oft zu unn\u00f6tig vielen Arbeitsfugen und verl\u00e4ngerten Bauzeiten.<\/p><table><caption>Typische Bauarten und geeignete Einsatzbereiche<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Bauart<\/th><th>Geeignete Fl\u00e4chen<\/th><th>Vorteile<\/th><th>Grenzen<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Handgef\u00fchrte Laser-Abziehmaschine<\/td><td>Kleine Hallen, R\u00e4ume, Randzonen und Reparaturfl\u00e4chen<\/td><td>Kompakt, transportfreundlich und gut in engen Bereichen einsetzbar<\/td><td>Geringere Fl\u00e4chenleistung und h\u00f6herer Bedienereinfluss<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aufsitz-Laser-Abziehmaschine<\/td><td>Offene Industrie- und Lagerfl\u00e4chen<\/td><td>Hohe Produktivit\u00e4t, gute Sicht des Fahrers und z\u00fcgiger Materialabtrag<\/td><td>Ben\u00f6tigt ausreichend Bewegungsraum und abgestimmte Fahrwege<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ausleger-Laser-Abziehmaschine<\/td><td>Gro\u00dfe Bodenplatten, Hallen und Fl\u00e4chen mit hoher Ebenheitsanforderung<\/td><td>Gro\u00dfer Arbeitsradius, Arbeit aus sicherer Position au\u00dferhalb des Frischbetons<\/td><td>H\u00f6herer Investitionsbedarf und anspruchsvollere Einsatzplanung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maschine mit 3D-Steuerung<\/td><td>Gef\u00e4llefl\u00e4chen, Verkehrswege, Au\u00dfenanlagen und komplexe Geometrien<\/td><td>Digitale Umsetzung von H\u00f6henmodellen und variablen Sollprofilen<\/td><td>Erfordert hochwertige Vermessungsdaten und erfahrene Bediener<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kompakte Auslegermaschine<\/td><td>Mittelgro\u00dfe Hallen, Innenfl\u00e4chen und Projekte mit begrenzter Zufahrt<\/td><td>Guter Kompromiss aus Reichweite, Wendigkeit und Leistung<\/td><td>Arbeitsbereich kleiner als bei gro\u00dfen Auslegerkonzepten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sonderl\u00f6sung f\u00fcr Betonfertigteile<\/td><td>Fertigteilwerke, Betonplattenproduktion und serielle Bauteile<\/td><td>Wiederholgenaue Prozesse und gute Einbindung in feste Produktionsabl\u00e4ufe<\/td><td>Weniger flexibel f\u00fcr wechselnde Baustellenbedingungen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die \u00dcbersicht macht deutlich, dass \u201egr\u00f6\u00dfer\u201c nicht automatisch \u201ebesser\u201c bedeutet. F\u00fcr einen Maschinenkauf in Deutschland sollte der Anbieter deshalb zuerst die typische Projektgr\u00f6\u00dfe, die vorhandene Betonlogistik und die geplanten Einsatzorte bewerten. Eine Vorf\u00fchrung mit dem tats\u00e4chlich eingesetzten Beton ist oft aussagekr\u00e4ftiger als reine Leistungsangaben im Katalog.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Wichtige Leistungskennzahlen beim Kauf<\/h2><p>Die Maschinenleistung wird h\u00e4ufig in Quadratmetern je Stunde oder je Arbeitstag angegeben. Solche Werte sind immer von Schichtdicke, Betonf\u00f6rderung, Fl\u00e4chengeometrie, Bedienerfahrung und Witterung abh\u00e4ngig. Ein Ger\u00e4t mit hoher theoretischer Reichweite kann nur dann seine Leistung ausspielen, wenn ausreichend Beton ohne Unterbrechung bereitsteht und der Einbauabschnitt sinnvoll geplant wurde.<\/p><p>Von gro\u00dfer Bedeutung sind au\u00dferdem Arbeitsbreite, Auslegerreichweite, Schwenkbereich, Fahrantrieb, Gewicht, Transportma\u00dfe, Motorleistung, Kraftstoffverbrauch, Hydrauliksystem und Zug\u00e4nglichkeit der Wartungspunkte. F\u00fcr deutsche Baustellen sollte auch gepr\u00fcft werden, ob Betriebsanleitung, Sicherheitskennzeichnung, elektrische Ausr\u00fcstung und Dokumentation den vorgesehenen Einsatzbedingungen entsprechen.<\/p><p>Die CE-Kennzeichnung ist ein grundlegender Punkt, ersetzt aber keine technische Pr\u00fcfung. K\u00e4ufer sollten technische Unterlagen, Konformit\u00e4tserkl\u00e4rung, Ersatzteillisten, Wartungsplan, Schulungsumfang und Reaktionszeiten im Servicefall anfordern. Bei internationalen Lieferanten sind zus\u00e4tzlich Verpackung, Einfuhrabwicklung, Ersatzteilbevorratung und deutschsprachige Unterst\u00fctzung zu kl\u00e4ren.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Kaufberatung f\u00fcr Bauunternehmen, Mietparks und Industriebodenfirmen<\/h2><table><caption>Praktische Pr\u00fcffragen vor der Beschaffung<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Entscheidungsbereich<\/th><th>Konkrete Frage<\/th><th>Warum dies wichtig ist<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Projektprofil<\/td><td>Wie viele Quadratmeter werden pro Jahr tats\u00e4chlich betoniert?<\/td><td>Ermittelt, ob Kauf, Miete oder Zusammenarbeit mit einem Spezialunternehmen sinnvoller ist.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Betonlogistik<\/td><td>Kann Beton kontinuierlich per Fahrmischer, Pumpe oder K\u00fcbel bereitgestellt werden?<\/td><td>Unterbrechungen begrenzen Qualit\u00e4t und Tagesleistung st\u00e4rker als die Maschinenleistung.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H\u00f6henanforderung<\/td><td>Welche Ebenheit und welche Toleranzen fordert der Auftrag?<\/td><td>Bestimmt die n\u00f6tige Steuerungstechnik, Vermessung und Nachbearbeitung.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fl\u00e4chengeometrie<\/td><td>Gibt es St\u00fctzen, Sch\u00e4chte, Gef\u00e4lle, enge Zufahrten oder viele Randbereiche?<\/td><td>Entscheidet \u00fcber Auslegerl\u00e4nge, Maschinenbreite und geeignete Bauart.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Service<\/td><td>Wo befinden sich Ersatzteile, Techniker und Schulungsangebote?<\/td><td>Reduziert Stillstand w\u00e4hrend zeitkritischer Betonagen.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gesamtkosten<\/td><td>Welche Kosten entstehen f\u00fcr Transport, Wartung, Verschlei\u00df und Bedienerschulung?<\/td><td>Verhindert Entscheidungen allein auf Basis des Anschaffungspreises.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wiederverkauf<\/td><td>Gibt es einen regionalen Markt f\u00fcr gebrauchte Ger\u00e4te und Anbaukomponenten?<\/td><td>Verbessert die langfristige Wirtschaftlichkeit der Investition.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>F\u00fcr gelegentliche Projekte ist die Anmietung oder Beauftragung eines Fachunternehmens oft wirtschaftlicher. Wer regelm\u00e4\u00dfig gro\u00dfe Bodenplatten ausf\u00fchrt, profitiert dagegen von eigener Maschinenkompetenz. In diesem Fall sollten mindestens zwei Bediener geschult werden, damit Ausf\u00e4lle durch Urlaub, Krankheit oder Personalwechsel nicht den Bauablauf gef\u00e4hrden.<\/p><p>Ein belastbares Angebot enth\u00e4lt nicht nur den Maschinenpreis. Es sollte Lieferzeit, Transport bis zum Zielort, Inbetriebnahme, Einweisung, Gew\u00e4hrleistungsregelung, Ersatzteilpaket, Fernunterst\u00fctzung und Kosten f\u00fcr eventuelle Vor-Ort-Eins\u00e4tze transparent ausweisen. F\u00fcr Projekte im Raum Berlin, Rhein-Main, Ruhrgebiet oder im s\u00fcddeutschen Industrieband lohnt sich die fr\u00fchzeitige Abstimmung mit regionalen Betonlieferwerken und Pumpendienstleistern.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Typische Einsatzbereiche in Deutschland<\/h2><p>Laser-Abziehmaschinen werden vor allem f\u00fcr gro\u00dffl\u00e4chige Betonb\u00f6den eingesetzt. Dazu z\u00e4hlen Lagerhallen f\u00fcr den Versandhandel, Verteilzentren, K\u00fchlh\u00e4user, Produktionsst\u00e4tten, Fahrzeugterminals, Werkst\u00e4tten und Parkfl\u00e4chen. In Hafen- und Umschlagregionen wie Hamburg, Bremen, Wilhelmshaven und Duisburg sind robuste Au\u00dfenfl\u00e4chen und Hallenb\u00f6den besonders relevant, weil hohe Radlasten, wechselnde Witterung und intensiver Transportbetrieb zusammenkommen.<\/p><p>Auch Flugh\u00e4fen, Bahninfrastruktur, Betriebsfl\u00e4chen, kommunale Bauh\u00f6fe und landwirtschaftliche Geb\u00e4ude k\u00f6nnen geeignete Anwendungen sein. Bei Stra\u00dfen, Rampen, Entw\u00e4sserungsfl\u00e4chen oder Fl\u00e4chen mit definiertem Gef\u00e4lle ist eine 3D-Steuerung besonders interessant. Sie verarbeitet digitale H\u00f6henmodelle und erleichtert die Umsetzung komplexer Sollprofile.<\/p><p>In Produktionsbetrieben der Automobil-, Maschinenbau-, Lebensmittel- und Chemiebranche beeinflusst die Bodenqualit\u00e4t sp\u00e4ter die Sicherheit und Produktivit\u00e4t. Unebene B\u00f6den belasten Stapler, Regalsysteme, Rollenbahnen und fahrerlose Transportsysteme. Deshalb sollte die Wahl der Abziehtechnik immer mit der sp\u00e4teren Nutzung verkn\u00fcpft werden.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Praxisbeispiele f\u00fcr die Projektplanung<\/h2><p>Bei einer Logistikhalle mit einer gro\u00dffl\u00e4chigen Bodenplatte wird der Laser au\u00dferhalb des Betonierfeldes eingerichtet. Fahrmischer liefern Beton in abgestimmten Abst\u00e4nden, w\u00e4hrend die Pumpe das Material vor dem Arbeitsbereich ablegt. Die Ausleger-Laser-Abziehmaschine verteilt und nivelliert den Beton abschnittsweise. Direkt danach kontrolliert das Team Randbereiche, Einbauteile und Arbeitsfugen. Sobald der Beton ausreichend angesteift ist, folgt das Gl\u00e4tten und die Nachbehandlung.<\/p><p>Bei einer Produktionshalle mit vielen Fundamenten, Maschinenaufstellfl\u00e4chen und St\u00fctzen wird das Betonierfeld kleiner unterteilt. Hier kann eine kompakte Maschine oder eine Kombination aus maschinellem Abziehen und manueller Randbearbeitung wirtschaftlicher sein. Die Vermessung muss besonders sorgf\u00e4ltig erfolgen, weil H\u00f6henfehler an Maschinenfundamenten sp\u00e4ter erhebliche Montageprobleme verursachen k\u00f6nnen.<\/p><p>Bei einem Au\u00dfenlager mit Gef\u00e4lle zur Entw\u00e4sserung wird ein digitales Gel\u00e4ndemodell vorbereitet. Die 3D-Steuerung f\u00fchrt das Abziehprofil entlang der unterschiedlichen Sollh\u00f6hen. Vor Beginn m\u00fcssen Einlaufpunkte, Rinnen, Randsteine und Entw\u00e4sserungsdetails exakt kontrolliert werden. Ein H\u00f6henfehler von wenigen Millimetern kann die Wasserf\u00fchrung sichtbar beeintr\u00e4chtigen.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Relevante Anbieter und Projektpartner f\u00fcr Deutschland<\/h2><p>Die folgende \u00dcbersicht dient als praktische Orientierung. Nicht jedes Unternehmen liefert jede Maschinenbauart direkt ab Lager in Deutschland. Vor einer Beschaffung sollten Verf\u00fcgbarkeit, Einweisung, Ersatzteilbestand und regionale Servicedeckung konkret f\u00fcr den geplanten Einsatzort gepr\u00fcft werden.<\/p><table><caption>Ausgew\u00e4hlte Anbieter und Partner f\u00fcr lasergef\u00fchrte Betonbearbeitung<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Unternehmen<\/th><th>Serviceregion<\/th><th>Kernst\u00e4rke<\/th><th>Wichtige Angebote<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse Machinery<\/td><td>Deutschland, Europa sowie internationale Projektm\u00e4rkte<\/td><td>Laser-Abziehmaschinen in handgef\u00fchrten, aufsitzbaren und auslegergef\u00fchrten Ausf\u00fchrungen<\/td><td>Beton-Lasernivelliermaschinen, Gl\u00e4tttechnik, Schleiftechnik, Schneidtechnik und technische Begleitung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>Europa und internationale M\u00e4rkte<\/td><td>Spezialisierung auf lasergef\u00fchrte Betonnivellierung f\u00fcr gro\u00dfe Fl\u00e4chen<\/td><td>Ausleger- und Aufsitztechnik f\u00fcr Industrieb\u00f6den sowie Schulungs- und Servicenetz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson<\/td><td>Deutschland mit dichtem H\u00e4ndler- und Servicenetz<\/td><td>Baumaschinen, Verdichtungstechnik und Baustellenservice<\/td><td>Betonbearbeitungsger\u00e4te, R\u00fctteltechnik, Stromversorgung und regionale Wartung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction<\/td><td>Deutschland und Europa<\/td><td>Betonoberfl\u00e4chenbearbeitung, Schneiden und Schleifen<\/td><td>Fugenschneider, Schleifmaschinen, Staubmanagement und Werkzeuge f\u00fcr die Nachbearbeitung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister<\/td><td>Deutschland, Europa und weltweite Baustellen<\/td><td>Betonf\u00f6rdertechnik und leistungsf\u00e4hige Materiallogistik<\/td><td>Betonpumpen, Verteilermaste und Unterst\u00fctzung f\u00fcr kontinuierliche Betonversorgung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Probst<\/td><td>Deutschland, Europa und internationale Baustoffm\u00e4rkte<\/td><td>Hebetechnik und Ger\u00e4te f\u00fcr Beton- und Pflasterbau<\/td><td>Handhabungsger\u00e4te, Baustellenlogistik und Hilfsmittel f\u00fcr Rand- und Anschlussarbeiten<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle verdeutlicht, dass eine erfolgreiche Bodenplatte h\u00e4ufig mehrere Partner ben\u00f6tigt. Die eigentliche Laser-Abziehmaschine ist nur ein Teil der L\u00f6sung. Betonpumpe, Schalung, Vermessung, Gl\u00e4tttechnik, Fugenplanung und Nachbehandlung m\u00fcssen aufeinander abgestimmt sein. Deshalb ist es sinnvoll, Anbieter danach zu bewerten, ob sie eine fachliche Beratung f\u00fcr den gesamten Ablauf leisten k\u00f6nnen.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse Machinery als Partner f\u00fcr Betonfl\u00e4chen in Deutschland<\/h2><p>Vanse Machinery entwickelt und fertigt seit 2013 Betonbaumaschinen f\u00fcr industrielle Boden- und Betonprojekte und bedient Kunden in Deutschland bereits \u00fcber internationale Vertriebs- und Servicenetze. F\u00fcr deutsche Anwender sind insbesondere die CE-Kennzeichnung, die Qualit\u00e4tsorganisation nach ISO 9001, mehr als 50 Erfindungspatente sowie \u00fcber 200 Gebrauchs- und Geschmacksmuster relevant. Die Maschinen verbinden laserbasierte H\u00f6hensteuerung, hydraulische Systeme, robuste Motorisierung und verschlei\u00dffeste Bauteile; vor Auslieferung werden Fertigung und Funktion nach festgelegten Qualit\u00e4tsverfahren gepr\u00fcft. Das Programm umfasst handgef\u00fchrte, aufsitzbare und auslegergef\u00fchrte <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">Laser-Abziehmaschinen f\u00fcr Beton<\/a>, darunter L\u00f6sungen mit gro\u00dfem Schwenkbereich und Vorbereitung f\u00fcr 3D-H\u00f6henmodelle. Vanse unterst\u00fctzt Endanwender, Bauunternehmen, Mietparks, H\u00e4ndler, regionale Vertriebspartner, Markeninhaber und einzelne K\u00e4ufer mit Direktverkauf, Gro\u00dfhandel, Einzelverkauf, regionalen Vertriebspartnerschaften sowie Auftragsfertigung und kundenspezifischer Markenf\u00fchrung. Auch angepasste Spannungsausf\u00fchrungen, Motorvarianten und projektspezifische Konfigurationen sind m\u00f6glich. Das Unternehmen bietet schl\u00fcsselfertige EPC-Leistungen und L\u00f6sungen f\u00fcr kundeneigene Anlagen, jedoch keine Betreiber- oder Vorort-Massenbelieferungsmodelle. Mit Niederlassungen und Serviceressourcen in S\u00fcdostasien und Kanada, einem H\u00e4ndlernetz in Europa sowie Kunden in mehr als 80 L\u00e4ndern ist Vanse nicht auf eine reine Fernlieferung beschr\u00e4nkt: Deutsche Kunden erhalten Projektberatung, Maschinenauswahl, Inbetriebnahme, Bedienerschulung, Fernanalyse, Ersatzteilversorgung und bei Bedarf technische Unterst\u00fctzung vor Ort. Weitere Informationen zur <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">technischen Betreuung f\u00fcr Betonmaschinen<\/a> und zum <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">internationalen Kundendienst<\/a> helfen bei der Vorbereitung konkreter Projekte.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Wartung und t\u00e4gliche Qualit\u00e4tskontrolle<\/h2><p>Vor jeder Betonage sollten Hydraulikleitungen, Schmierpunkte, Verschraubungen, Empf\u00e4ngerhalterung, Abziehprofil, Schnecken und Kraftstoffstand gepr\u00fcft werden. Betonreste m\u00fcssen zeitnah entfernt werden, bevor sie aush\u00e4rten. Besonders das Abziehprofil darf keine Verformungen oder Anhaftungen aufweisen, weil bereits kleine Unregelm\u00e4\u00dfigkeiten auf einer gro\u00dfen Bodenfl\u00e4che sichtbar werden k\u00f6nnen.<\/p><p>Der Rotationslaser ben\u00f6tigt einen ersch\u00fctterungsarmen Standort und sollte gegen unbeabsichtigtes Verstellen gesch\u00fctzt werden. Nach Pausen, Standortwechseln oder m\u00f6glichen St\u00f6\u00dfen ist die Referenzh\u00f6he erneut zu pr\u00fcfen. Auf Baustellen mit starkem Fahrzeugverkehr empfiehlt sich eine klare Absperrung rund um Laser und Vermessungspunkte.<\/p><p>Die Dokumentation von Betoncharge, Einbauzeit, Wetter, Maschineneinstellung, Messwerten und Nachbehandlung st\u00e4rkt die Qualit\u00e4tssicherung. Sie hilft bei der Ursachenanalyse, falls sp\u00e4ter Fragen zu Ebenheit, Oberfl\u00e4chenbild oder Rissverhalten entstehen. F\u00fcr Industrieb\u00f6den mit hohen Anforderungen ist diese Dokumentation ein wichtiger Bestandteil professioneller Projektabwicklung.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Trends f\u00fcr 2026: Digitalisierung, Nachhaltigkeit und Fachkr\u00e4ftemangel<\/h2><p>Im Jahr 2026 wird die Nachfrage nach digital unterst\u00fctzter Betonverarbeitung weiter steigen. 3D-Steuerungen erm\u00f6glichen die direkte Umsetzung von Planungsdaten f\u00fcr Gef\u00e4lle, Rampen, Au\u00dfenanlagen und komplexe Bodenprofile. In Verbindung mit digitaler Vermessung k\u00f6nnen Soll- und Ist-H\u00f6hen besser dokumentiert und fr\u00fchzeitig kontrolliert werden.<\/p><p>Ein zweiter Trend betrifft den Fachkr\u00e4ftemangel. Laser-Abziehmaschinen reduzieren nicht den Bedarf an qualifizierten Fachkr\u00e4ften, sie steigern jedoch deren Wirkung. Ein eingespieltes Team kann gr\u00f6\u00dfere Fl\u00e4chen kontrollierter bearbeiten als eine gro\u00dfe Kolonne mit \u00fcberwiegend manuellen Verfahren. Schulung, klare Rollenverteilung und standardisierte Arbeitsabl\u00e4ufe werden damit zu entscheidenden Wettbewerbsfaktoren.<\/p><p>Auch Nachhaltigkeit gewinnt an Bedeutung. Pr\u00e4ziser Einbau kann \u00dcberh\u00f6hen und unn\u00f6tigen Betonverbrauch verringern. Weniger Nacharbeit reduziert Energieverbrauch bei Schleif- und Reparaturarbeiten. Gleichzeitig werden Betonrezepturen mit reduzierten klinkerhaltigen Bindemitteln, rezyklierte Gesteinsk\u00f6rnungen und optimierte Nachbehandlung h\u00e4ufiger eingesetzt. Solche Rezepturen k\u00f6nnen ein anderes Verarbeitungsfenster haben und m\u00fcssen vor dem Gro\u00dffl\u00e4cheneinsatz mit der Maschine getestet werden.<\/p><p>Auf regulatorischer Ebene bleiben Arbeitssicherheit, Maschinenkonformit\u00e4t, Emissionsminderung und transparente Produktdokumentation wichtige Themen. K\u00e4ufer sollten bei neuen Maschinen auf nachvollziehbare Unterlagen, sichere Bedienkonzepte, wartungsfreundliche Konstruktion und langfristig verf\u00fcgbare Ersatzteile achten.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>H\u00e4ufige Fragen zu Laser-Abziehmaschinen<\/h2><h3>Wie genau arbeitet eine Laser-Abziehmaschine?<\/h3><p>Bei korrekter Vermessung, guter Maschinenwartung und gleichm\u00e4\u00dfiger Betonversorgung kann eine lasergef\u00fchrte Abziehmaschine eine sehr hohe H\u00f6hengenauigkeit erreichen. Die tats\u00e4chliche Ebenheit der fertigen Fl\u00e4che h\u00e4ngt zus\u00e4tzlich von Betonrezeptur, Nachbearbeitung, Fugenplanung und Nachbehandlung ab.<\/p><h3>Ist eine Laser-Abziehmaschine nur f\u00fcr sehr gro\u00dfe Hallen geeignet?<\/h3><p>Nein. Gro\u00dfe Auslegerger\u00e4te sind besonders f\u00fcr weitl\u00e4ufige Fl\u00e4chen geeignet, doch kompakte und handgef\u00fchrte Varianten k\u00f6nnen auch bei mittelgro\u00dfen Hallen, Geb\u00e4uden mit eingeschr\u00e4nkter Zufahrt und Randbereichen sinnvoll sein.<\/p><h3>Kann die Maschine Beton mit Gef\u00e4lle einbauen?<\/h3><p>Ja. F\u00fcr konstante Gef\u00e4lle kann der Laser entsprechend eingerichtet werden. Bei komplexen Profilen, mehreren Neigungen oder Entw\u00e4sserungsfl\u00e4chen ist eine 3D-Steuerung mit sorgf\u00e4ltig vorbereiteten Vermessungsdaten besonders vorteilhaft.<\/p><h3>Welche Betonqualit\u00e4t ist erforderlich?<\/h3><p>Der Beton muss auf die Einbauweise abgestimmt sein. Konsistenz, Gr\u00f6\u00dftkorn, Zusatzmittel, Erstarrungsverhalten und Lieferfolge sollten vorab mit dem Betonwerk, dem Pumpendienst und dem Ausf\u00fchrungsteam abgestimmt werden.<\/p><h3>Was ist vor dem ersten Einsatz zu organisieren?<\/h3><p>Erforderlich sind eine Untergrund- und Schalungskontrolle, ein H\u00f6henkonzept, ausreichende Betonversorgung, geschulte Bediener, ein geregelter Maschinenzugang, geeignete Nachbehandlungsmittel sowie ein Plan f\u00fcr Arbeitsfugen und Randbereiche.<\/p><h3>Worauf sollten deutsche K\u00e4ufer bei einem internationalen Lieferanten achten?<\/h3><p>Entscheidend sind CE-Unterlagen, verst\u00e4ndliche technische Dokumentation, verf\u00fcgbare Verschlei\u00dfteile, verbindliche Reaktionswege im St\u00f6rfall, Schulung, transparente Lieferbedingungen und nachweisbare Erfahrung in europ\u00e4ischen Betonprojekten.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Fazit f\u00fcr die Maschinenwahl<\/h2><p>Eine Laser-Abziehmaschine funktioniert als pr\u00e4zises Zusammenspiel aus Laserreferenz, Empf\u00e4nger, Steuerung, Hydraulik, Betonverteilung und Verdichtung. Sie erm\u00f6glicht gro\u00dfe, ebene Betonfl\u00e4chen mit einem planbaren Arbeitsablauf und reduziert den manuellen Korrekturaufwand. F\u00fcr Deutschland ist die Technik besonders interessant bei Industriehallen, Logistikzentren, Produktionsfl\u00e4chen, Au\u00dfenlagern und Infrastrukturprojekten.<\/p><p>Die beste L\u00f6sung entsteht nicht durch den Kauf der gr\u00f6\u00dften Maschine, sondern durch die passende Kombination aus Ger\u00e4tetyp, Betonlogistik, Vermessung, Bedienerschulung und Service. Wer Lieferanten nach realer Projektkompetenz, Dokumentation, Ersatzteilf\u00e4higkeit und langfristiger Betreuung ausw\u00e4hlt, schafft die Grundlage f\u00fcr zuverl\u00e4ssige Betonb\u00f6den und wirtschaftliche Baustellenabl\u00e4ufe.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr eine erste technische Einordnung von Ger\u00e4tearten und Einsatzbereichen bietet die <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">\u00dcbersicht zu aufsitzbaren Beton-Laser-Abziehmaschinen<\/a> eine praktische Grundlage. Weitere Informationen zum Hersteller und zum Betonmaschinenprogramm finden sich auf der <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">deutschen Projekt\u00fcbersicht von Vanse Machinery<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","fr-title":"R\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton : fonctionnement et choix en France","fr-meta":"D\u00e9couvrez comment fonctionne une r\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton en France : guidage, mise \u00e0 niveau, choix des machines, fournisseurs, entretien et rendement pour vos dalles.","fr-content":"<h1>Comment fonctionne une r\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton en France ?<\/h1><section><h2>R\u00e9ponse rapide<\/h2><p>Une r\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton fonctionne gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un \u00e9metteur laser rotatif qui \u00e9tablit une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence d\u2019altitude sur le chantier. Un r\u00e9cepteur mont\u00e9 sur le m\u00e2t de la machine d\u00e9tecte en continu la position de la t\u00eate de nivellement par rapport \u00e0 ce plan. Le syst\u00e8me commande alors les v\u00e9rins hydrauliques afin de relever ou d\u2019abaisser automatiquement la lame, la vis de r\u00e9partition ou la t\u00eate vibrante. L\u2019op\u00e9rateur avance sur le b\u00e9ton frais tandis que la machine r\u00e9partit, vibre, r\u00e8gle et compacte la surface \u00e0 la cote pr\u00e9vue.<\/p><p>En France, cette solution est particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9e aux dallages industriels, entrep\u00f4ts logistiques, plateformes de distribution, usines, parkings et hangars. Elle r\u00e9duit les reprises manuelles, am\u00e9liore la plan\u00e9it\u00e9 et acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la pose sur les grandes surfaces. Le choix d\u00e9pend surtout de la surface quotidienne, de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur du b\u00e9ton, de la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019obstacles, de la classe de plan\u00e9it\u00e9 demand\u00e9e et de l\u2019acc\u00e8s du chantier.<\/p><p>Les fournisseurs fran\u00e7ais et europ\u00e9ens restent pertinents pour les projets n\u00e9cessitant une disponibilit\u00e9 locale imm\u00e9diate. Des fabricants internationaux qualifi\u00e9s, notamment chinois, peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre envisag\u00e9s lorsqu\u2019ils proposent le marquage CE, une documentation adapt\u00e9e, un accompagnement avant et apr\u00e8s-vente solide et un bon rapport co\u00fbt-performance. Cette approche est utile pour les entreprises fran\u00e7aises recherchant une machine personnalisable sans renoncer \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement en pi\u00e8ces et \u00e0 l\u2019assistance technique.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Principe de fonctionnement d\u2019une r\u00e8gle laser pour b\u00e9ton<\/h2><p>Le fonctionnement repose sur une cha\u00eene de mesure et de correction automatis\u00e9e. Avant le coulage, le conducteur de travaux d\u00e9finit l\u2019altitude finale de la dalle \u00e0 partir du plan d\u2019ex\u00e9cution, des rep\u00e8res altim\u00e9triques et des tol\u00e9rances demand\u00e9es. L\u2019\u00e9metteur laser est plac\u00e9 sur un point stable, hors des zones de circulation, puis r\u00e9gl\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019altitude de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Il projette un plan laser horizontal sur toute la zone de travail.<\/p><p>La machine re\u00e7oit ce signal \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un capteur plac\u00e9 sur un m\u00e2t vertical. Lorsque le r\u00e9cepteur est trop haut ou trop bas par rapport au faisceau, il transmet l\u2019\u00e9cart au bo\u00eetier de commande. Celui-ci pilote instantan\u00e9ment le circuit hydraulique. La t\u00eate de nivellement suit alors la cote th\u00e9orique, m\u00eame si le sol support pr\u00e9sente des irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s ou si l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de b\u00e9ton varie l\u00e9g\u00e8rement apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9versement.<\/p><p>Une r\u00e8gle laser moderne ne se limite donc pas \u00e0 tirer le b\u00e9ton. Elle combine g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plusieurs actions dans un seul passage : r\u00e9partition de la mati\u00e8re fra\u00eeche, vibration interne ou superficielle, mise \u00e0 niveau, serrage initial et correction automatique de l\u2019altitude. Sur des chantiers de grande surface, cette int\u00e9gration permet de conserver une cadence r\u00e9guli\u00e8re entre les toupies, les \u00e9quipes de mise en place et les finisseurs.<\/p><h3>Les \u00e9tapes sur un chantier de dallage<\/h3><p>La pr\u00e9paration commence par le contr\u00f4le de la plateforme. Le support doit \u00eatre compact\u00e9, stable, conforme aux pentes \u00e9ventuelles et \u00e9quip\u00e9 des armatures, fibres, joints ou r\u00e9servations pr\u00e9vus. Les guides de coulage, les coffrages p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques et les arr\u00eats de b\u00e9tonnage sont v\u00e9rifi\u00e9s avant l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des camions-malaxeurs.<\/p><p>Apr\u00e8s l\u2019installation du laser, l\u2019op\u00e9rateur calibre le r\u00e9cepteur et renseigne les param\u00e8tres de travail : hauteur de dalle, mode de correction, largeur de la t\u00eate, sens de d\u00e9placement et \u00e9ventuelle pente. Le b\u00e9ton est ensuite d\u00e9vers\u00e9 devant la machine. La vis ou le syst\u00e8me de distribution ram\u00e8ne l\u2019exc\u00e9dent dans les zones insuffisamment garnies. La t\u00eate vibrante \u00e9limine l\u2019air emprisonn\u00e9 et favorise l\u2019enrobage des armatures.<\/p><p>Au passage de la lame, la machine suit le plan laser et laisse une surface r\u00e9gl\u00e9e qui n\u00e9cessite moins de travail manuel. Des \u00e9quipes interviennent ensuite pour les op\u00e9rations de fermeture, de talochage m\u00e9canique, de sciage des joints, de cure et de protection. La r\u00e8gle laser am\u00e9liore la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie initiale, mais elle ne remplace pas une formulation b\u00e9ton correcte, une cure ma\u00eetris\u00e9e ni un plan de joints bien con\u00e7u.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u00c9l\u00e9ment<\/th><th>R\u00f4le op\u00e9rationnel<\/th><th>Point \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u00c9metteur laser rotatif<\/td><td>Cr\u00e9e le plan de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence horizontal ou inclin\u00e9<\/td><td>Position stable, calibration et visibilit\u00e9 du faisceau<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9cepteur laser<\/td><td>Mesure l\u2019\u00e9cart entre la machine et la cote programm\u00e9e<\/td><td>Propret\u00e9 du capteur et fixation rigide sur le m\u00e2t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M\u00e2t de mesure<\/td><td>Relie la r\u00e9f\u00e9rence laser \u00e0 la t\u00eate de nivellement<\/td><td>Verticalit\u00e9, absence de jeu et hauteur correcte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unit\u00e9 de commande<\/td><td>Transforme les signaux en ordres de correction<\/td><td>R\u00e9activit\u00e9, modes automatique et manuel<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>V\u00e9rins hydrauliques<\/td><td>Montent ou descendent la t\u00eate selon l\u2019\u00e9cart d\u00e9tect\u00e9<\/td><td>\u00c9tanch\u00e9it\u00e9, souplesse et pr\u00e9cision des mouvements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u00eate vibrante<\/td><td>R\u00e8gle, compacte et homog\u00e9n\u00e9ise le b\u00e9ton frais<\/td><td>Amplitude, fr\u00e9quence et usure des pi\u00e8ces de travail<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vis de r\u00e9partition<\/td><td>R\u00e9partit le b\u00e9ton devant la lame de nivellement<\/td><td>Absence de b\u00e9ton durci et r\u00e9glage de vitesse<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Ce tableau montre que la pr\u00e9cision ne d\u00e9pend pas seulement du laser. Une machine bien entretenue, un b\u00e9ton suffisamment ouvrable, une alimentation r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et des op\u00e9rateurs form\u00e9s sont indispensables. Sur les projets en \u00cele-de-France, \u00e0 Lyon, Lille, Marseille, Bordeaux ou Toulouse, la logistique des livraisons de b\u00e9ton influence directement la cadence et la qualit\u00e9 finale.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Pourquoi le march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais utilise davantage le nivellement laser<\/h2><p>La France compte de nombreux projets de plateformes logistiques autour de Lille, Dourges, Paris, Orl\u00e9ans, Lyon, Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, Marseille-Fos, Le Havre et Bordeaux. Ces op\u00e9rations exigent des surfaces durables pour les chariots \u00e9l\u00e9vateurs, les syst\u00e8mes de stockage en hauteur et les flux rapides de marchandises. Une dalle mal r\u00e9gl\u00e9e peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des difficult\u00e9s de circulation, une usure acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e des roues, des d\u00e9fauts dans les rayonnages et des co\u00fbts de r\u00e9paration importants.<\/p><p>Les r\u00e8gles laser r\u00e9pondent aussi \u00e0 la p\u00e9nurie de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans le b\u00e9ton industriel. Une machine performante permet \u00e0 une \u00e9quipe plus compacte de traiter une surface importante tout en maintenant une m\u00e9thode r\u00e9p\u00e9table. Elle limite les manipulations de r\u00e8gles manuelles longues et lourdes, am\u00e9liore l\u2019ergonomie et facilite le suivi de la productivit\u00e9.<\/p><p>Les entreprises fran\u00e7aises doivent n\u00e9anmoins int\u00e9grer les r\u00e9alit\u00e9s locales : acc\u00e8s urbain restreint, exigences de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, contraintes acoustiques, r\u00e8gles de circulation sur site, disponibilit\u00e9 des centrales \u00e0 b\u00e9ton et coordination avec les autres corps d\u2019\u00e9tat. Une machine dimensionn\u00e9e pour une plateforme de 20 000 m\u00b2 ne conviendra pas forc\u00e9ment \u00e0 un parking souterrain \u00e0 Paris ou \u00e0 la r\u00e9novation d\u2019un b\u00e2timent industriel occup\u00e9 \u00e0 Nantes.<\/p><h3>Les crit\u00e8res de performance \u00e0 suivre<\/h3><p>La plan\u00e9it\u00e9 doit \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9e selon le cahier des charges du projet. Les m\u00e9thodes de contr\u00f4le peuvent inclure les r\u00e8gles de deux m\u00e8tres, les niveaux optiques, les mesures de plan\u00e9it\u00e9 locale, les relev\u00e9s num\u00e9riques ou des r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels contractuels sp\u00e9cifiques. Une tol\u00e9rance plus exigeante implique g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un contr\u00f4le renforc\u00e9 de la plateforme, du b\u00e9ton, du r\u00e9glage de la machine et de la finition.<\/p><p>La productivit\u00e9 d\u00e9pend du d\u00e9bit de b\u00e9ton r\u00e9ellement disponible. Une grande r\u00e8gle laser peut couvrir rapidement une large zone, mais elle perd son avantage si les camions arrivent de mani\u00e8re irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re. Il faut donc \u00e9tablir un plan de coulage pr\u00e9cis avec la centrale, les acc\u00e8s toupies, les zones d\u2019attente, les \u00e9quipes de r\u00e2teau, les op\u00e9rateurs de pompe et les finisseurs.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Indicateur<\/th><th>Effet sur le chantier<\/th><th>Action recommand\u00e9e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Plan\u00e9it\u00e9 de la plateforme<\/td><td>Conditionne l\u2019\u00e9paisseur r\u00e9elle de b\u00e9ton \u00e0 poser<\/td><td>Contr\u00f4ler avant coulage et corriger les points hauts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cadence des toupies<\/td><td>D\u00e9termine la continuit\u00e9 du travail de la machine<\/td><td>Pr\u00e9voir une r\u00e9serve de production avec la centrale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ouvrabilit\u00e9 du b\u00e9ton<\/td><td>Influence la vibration, la r\u00e9partition et la finition<\/td><td>Valider la formulation avant le d\u00e9marrage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Largeur de travail<\/td><td>Influence le rendement par passage<\/td><td>Adapter la machine aux acc\u00e8s et \u00e0 la surface<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00c9paisseur de dalle<\/td><td>Modifie la puissance et le r\u00e9glage n\u00e9cessaires<\/td><td>V\u00e9rifier la capacit\u00e9 de vibration et de nivellement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e9sence de poteaux<\/td><td>R\u00e9duit la libert\u00e9 de d\u00e9placement<\/td><td>Pr\u00e9voir une machine compacte ou un bras articul\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conditions climatiques<\/td><td>Peuvent acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer ou ralentir la prise<\/td><td>Adapter la cure, les horaires et les \u00e9quipes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/section><section><h2>Types de r\u00e8gles laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton<\/h2><p>Les r\u00e8gles laser se distinguent principalement par leur mode de conduite, leur port\u00e9e et leur syst\u00e8me de travail. Le bon choix repose sur l\u2019environnement r\u00e9el du chantier plut\u00f4t que sur la seule largeur de la t\u00eate.<\/p><h3>Machine \u00e0 conducteur accompagnant<\/h3><p>La machine \u00e0 conducteur accompagnant est compacte et con\u00e7ue pour les petites et moyennes surfaces. Elle convient aux ateliers, extensions de b\u00e2timents, zones cloisonn\u00e9es, parkings de taille limit\u00e9e et travaux proches des murs. Son transport est plus simple et son investissement initial est souvent inf\u00e9rieur. Elle demande toutefois davantage de d\u00e9placements de l\u2019op\u00e9rateur et offre un rendement plus limit\u00e9 qu\u2019un mod\u00e8le port\u00e9.<\/p><h3>Machine port\u00e9e \u00e0 conducteur assis<\/h3><p>La machine port\u00e9e \u00e0 conducteur assis est adapt\u00e9e aux grands dallages continus. L\u2019op\u00e9rateur pilote la machine depuis une plateforme, ce qui am\u00e9liore la visibilit\u00e9, r\u00e9duit la fatigue et facilite le travail sur de longues journ\u00e9es de coulage. Elle est couramment utilis\u00e9e pour les entrep\u00f4ts, sites de production, plateformes de messagerie et b\u00e2timents agricoles de grande dimension.<\/p><h3>Machine \u00e0 bras articul\u00e9<\/h3><p>Une r\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 bras articul\u00e9 permet de travailler autour des poteaux, des r\u00e9servations, des fosses, des rails et des zones difficiles d\u2019acc\u00e8s. Le bras peut atteindre le b\u00e9ton sans que le ch\u00e2ssis passe directement sur toute la zone. Cette solution est particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante dans les b\u00e2timents industriels comportant beaucoup d\u2019obstacles ou pour les dalles avec une g\u00e9om\u00e9trie complexe.<\/p><h3>Syst\u00e8me avec profilage tridimensionnel<\/h3><p>Pour les projets pr\u00e9sentant des pentes, des rampes, des caniveaux ou des formes non planes, un syst\u00e8me de guidage tridimensionnel peut compl\u00e9ter ou remplacer le simple plan horizontal. Il s\u2019appuie sur un mod\u00e8le num\u00e9rique et des points de contr\u00f4le. Cette technologie est utile sur certains ouvrages d\u2019infrastructure, aires a\u00e9roportuaires, voiries, terminaux portuaires et plateformes ext\u00e9rieures.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Type de machine<\/th><th>Usage recommand\u00e9<\/th><th>Avantage principal<\/th><th>Limite \u00e0 anticiper<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Conducteur accompagnant<\/td><td>Ateliers, petites dalles, locaux cloisonn\u00e9s<\/td><td>Maniabilit\u00e9 et transport simplifi\u00e9<\/td><td>Rendement plus mod\u00e9r\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conducteur assis compact<\/td><td>Entrep\u00f4ts moyens et b\u00e2timents commerciaux<\/td><td>Bon \u00e9quilibre entre cadence et accessibilit\u00e9<\/td><td>Besoin d\u2019espace de man\u0153uvre<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conducteur assis grande capacit\u00e9<\/td><td>Tr\u00e8s grandes plateformes logistiques<\/td><td>Large couverture et productivit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e<\/td><td>Logistique et budget plus importants<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bras articul\u00e9<\/td><td>Dalles avec poteaux et obstacles<\/td><td>Acc\u00e8s \u00e9tendu autour des zones complexes<\/td><td>R\u00e9glages techniques plus exigeants<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Profilage tridimensionnel<\/td><td>Rampes, pentes et ouvrages ext\u00e9rieurs<\/td><td>Suivi pr\u00e9cis d\u2019une g\u00e9om\u00e9trie d\u00e9finie<\/td><td>Pr\u00e9paration num\u00e9rique indispensable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Machine \u00e9lectrique sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e<\/td><td>Sites int\u00e9rieurs sensibles aux \u00e9missions<\/td><td>R\u00e9duction des nuisances locales<\/td><td>Autonomie et recharge \u00e0 planifier<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Le tableau permet de comparer les usages sans r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9cision \u00e0 la puissance ou \u00e0 la taille. Pour un projet situ\u00e9 pr\u00e8s du port du Havre ou de Fos-sur-Mer, les contraintes d\u2019acc\u00e8s, de maintenance et de disponibilit\u00e9 des pi\u00e8ces peuvent \u00eatre aussi d\u00e9terminantes que le rendement th\u00e9orique de la machine.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Comment choisir une r\u00e8gle laser pour un projet en France<\/h2><p>La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape consiste \u00e0 analyser le programme de coulage. Une entreprise qui r\u00e9alise r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement des entrep\u00f4ts de plusieurs milliers de m\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s a int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 \u00e9tudier une machine port\u00e9e ou \u00e0 bras. Un entrepreneur intervenant sur des extensions, des ateliers et des petits b\u00e2timents peut privil\u00e9gier une solution compacte \u00e0 conducteur accompagnant.<\/p><p>La deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape est l\u2019\u00e9tude du b\u00e9ton. Les b\u00e9tons fibr\u00e9s, les formulations \u00e0 faible retrait, les b\u00e9tons \u00e0 durcissement rapide et les b\u00e9tons avec ajouts min\u00e9raux n\u00e9cessitent des essais pr\u00e9alables. La vibration doit \u00eatre suffisante pour obtenir une bonne compacit\u00e9 sans provoquer de s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation. L\u2019\u00e9quipe doit \u00e9galement conna\u00eetre le comportement de la formulation selon la temp\u00e9rature et le temps de transport.<\/p><p>La troisi\u00e8me \u00e9tape concerne le service. Avant de signer, il faut demander une d\u00e9monstration, v\u00e9rifier la disponibilit\u00e9 des consommables, identifier les d\u00e9lais de pi\u00e8ces, conna\u00eetre les conditions de formation et obtenir un interlocuteur technique clair. Pour des projets \u00e9loign\u00e9s des grandes m\u00e9tropoles, par exemple en Bretagne, dans le Grand Est ou en Occitanie, l\u2019assistance \u00e0 distance et le d\u00e9lai d\u2019intervention m\u00e9ritent une attention particuli\u00e8re.<\/p><h3>Questions \u00e0 poser avant l\u2019achat<\/h3><ul><li>Quelle surface de b\u00e9ton peut \u00eatre r\u00e9gl\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9aliste par \u00e9quipe et par journ\u00e9e ?<\/li><li>Quelle \u00e9paisseur minimale et maximale la t\u00eate de nivellement peut-elle traiter ?<\/li><li>La machine est-elle compatible avec les b\u00e9tons fibr\u00e9s pr\u00e9vus sur mes chantiers ?<\/li><li>Quels contr\u00f4les sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9s avant livraison et pendant la mise en service ?<\/li><li>Le fournisseur assure-t-il la formation des op\u00e9rateurs sur site ou \u00e0 distance ?<\/li><li>Quels composants d\u2019usure doivent \u00eatre stock\u00e9s dans l\u2019entreprise ?<\/li><li>La documentation, les consignes et le marquage sont-ils adapt\u00e9s au march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais ?<\/li><li>Comment le service technique intervient-il en cas d\u2019arr\u00eat pendant un coulage ?<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Fournisseurs et fabricants \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer pour la France<\/h2><p>Le choix d\u2019un fournisseur doit s\u2019appuyer sur la gamme propos\u00e9e, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience en dallage, la couverture de service et la capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 fournir des pi\u00e8ces rapidement. Les entreprises ci-dessous sont des acteurs connus dans les \u00e9quipements de b\u00e9ton, de nivellement ou de finition, avec une pr\u00e9sence internationale ou une couverture utile aux professionnels fran\u00e7ais. Il est recommand\u00e9 de v\u00e9rifier directement les mod\u00e8les, les disponibilit\u00e9s et la zone pr\u00e9cise d\u2019intervention avant toute commande.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Entreprise<\/th><th>R\u00e9gion de service<\/th><th>Forces principales<\/th><th>Offres pertinentes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Somero<\/td><td>Europe, dont march\u00e9s de dallage en France<\/td><td>Sp\u00e9cialiste du nivellement laser de grands dallages<\/td><td>R\u00e8gles laser port\u00e9es, syst\u00e8mes \u00e0 bras, guidage avanc\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction France<\/td><td>France m\u00e9tropolitaine et r\u00e9seau europ\u00e9en<\/td><td>Gamme \u00e9tendue pour pr\u00e9paration, finition et d\u00e9coupe du b\u00e9ton<\/td><td>\u00c9quipements de vibration, talochage, sciage et traitement de sol<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson France<\/td><td>France et r\u00e9seau de distribution r\u00e9gional<\/td><td>Pr\u00e9sence forte dans le mat\u00e9riel de chantier et le compactage<\/td><td>Vibreurs, r\u00e8gles vibrantes, groupes d\u2019\u00e9nergie et service chantier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister<\/td><td>France, Europe et projets internationaux<\/td><td>Expertise reconnue dans le transport et le pompage du b\u00e9ton<\/td><td>Pompes \u00e0 b\u00e9ton et solutions de mise en place associ\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>LISSMAC<\/td><td>Europe occidentale, distribution sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e<\/td><td>Comp\u00e9tence dans les syst\u00e8mes de traitement et sciage du b\u00e9ton<\/td><td>Scies de sol, \u00e9quipements de finition et accessoires de chantier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology<\/td><td>France via r\u00e9seau europ\u00e9en, Europe et march\u00e9s internationaux<\/td><td>Fabricant de r\u00e8gles laser, machines de finition et solutions personnalis\u00e9es<\/td><td>R\u00e8gles laser compactes, port\u00e9es, \u00e0 bras, talocheuses et \u00e9quipements de sol<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Ce panorama ne signifie pas que chaque fournisseur dispose du m\u00eame stock dans toutes les r\u00e9gions fran\u00e7aises. Pour un chantier \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de Paris, Lyon, Strasbourg ou Marseille, il est utile de comparer la capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9monstration, la livraison, la formation et la disponibilit\u00e9 des techniciens. Pour les r\u00e9gions insulaires ou les sites industriels \u00e9loign\u00e9s, les d\u00e9lais de transport et l\u2019organisation des pi\u00e8ces d\u2019usure doivent \u00eatre int\u00e9gr\u00e9s au calcul du co\u00fbt global.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Solutions Vanse pour les entreprises fran\u00e7aises<\/h2><p>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology propose des r\u00e8gles laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton \u00e0 conducteur accompagnant, port\u00e9es et \u00e0 bras, ainsi que des talocheuses m\u00e9caniques, machines de meulage, machines de d\u00e9coupe, \u00e9pandeurs de durcisseur, joints de protection et fibres pour dallages. Fond\u00e9e en 2013, l\u2019entreprise associe des syst\u00e8mes de contr\u00f4le laser, une hydraulique adapt\u00e9e aux travaux intensifs, des moteurs fiables configurables selon les besoins et des composants r\u00e9sistants destin\u00e9s aux chantiers de b\u00e9ton industriel. Ses \u00e9quipements sont fabriqu\u00e9s dans le cadre d\u2019un syst\u00e8me qualit\u00e9 certifi\u00e9 ISO 9001 et disposent des certifications CE applicables ; plus de 50 brevets d\u2019invention et plus de 200 brevets de mod\u00e8les et de conception soutiennent son d\u00e9veloppement technique. Pour les clients fran\u00e7ais, Vanse travaille avec les utilisateurs finaux, entreprises de dallage, loueurs, n\u00e9gociants, distributeurs, propri\u00e9taires de marque et acheteurs individuels gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la vente directe, la vente en volume, la distribution r\u00e9gionale, la fabrication pour marque propre et la personnalisation des motorisations, tensions et identit\u00e9s visuelles. L\u2019entreprise s\u2019appuie sur son r\u00e9seau de concessionnaires europ\u00e9en, sur ses ressources de service \u00e0 l\u2019international et sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience acquise dans plus de 80 pays pour accompagner durablement les clients en France, plut\u00f4t que d\u2019agir comme un simple exportateur distant. Les \u00e9tudes de projet, la s\u00e9lection des \u00e9quipements, la mise en service, la formation individuelle, le diagnostic \u00e0 distance, les pi\u00e8ces d\u00e9tach\u00e9es et l\u2019assistance technique sont organis\u00e9s en ligne et sur site avec une \u00e9quipe de plus de 100 sp\u00e9cialistes. Vanse propose des solutions d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, d\u2019approvisionnement et de construction, des projets cl\u00e9s en main et des solutions pour installations appartenant au client ; elle ne fournit pas de mod\u00e8le d\u2019exploitation-construction-transfert ni de fourniture massive sur chantier.<\/p><p>Pour comparer les mod\u00e8les et les configurations disponibles, consultez la page des <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">r\u00e8gles laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton Vanse<\/a>. Les entreprises qui recherchent une machine port\u00e9e peuvent examiner les <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">solutions \u00e0 conducteur assis pour dallages industriels<\/a>, notamment pour les entrep\u00f4ts et plateformes \u00e0 forte cadence.<\/p><h3>Accompagnement avant et apr\u00e8s livraison<\/h3><p>Un achat efficace commence par l\u2019analyse des dimensions de dalle, de la cadence de b\u00e9tonnage, de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur, du type de fibre et de l\u2019environnement de travail. L\u2019\u00e9quipe technique peut aider \u00e0 d\u00e9finir le type de r\u00e8gle laser, le mode de guidage et les accessoires n\u00e9cessaires. Apr\u00e8s r\u00e9ception, le r\u00e9glage du laser, la prise en main des commandes, les contr\u00f4les de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et les op\u00e9rations quotidiennes d\u2019entretien doivent \u00eatre expliqu\u00e9s aux op\u00e9rateurs.<\/p><p>Les clients fran\u00e7ais peuvent solliciter une assistance via les <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">services techniques d\u00e9di\u00e9s aux \u00e9quipements b\u00e9ton<\/a> pour la s\u00e9lection, le diagnostic et les recommandations de maintenance. La continuit\u00e9 d\u2019exploitation d\u00e9pend aussi de la disponibilit\u00e9 des pi\u00e8ces essentielles : capteurs, \u00e9l\u00e9ments de vibration, flexibles hydrauliques, composants d\u2019usure et pi\u00e8ces de commande. Les <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">solutions de service et d\u2019assistance Vanse<\/a> sont con\u00e7ues pour r\u00e9duire les immobilisations et accompagner les \u00e9quipes sur la dur\u00e9e.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Secteurs et applications<\/h2><p>Les r\u00e8gles laser sont employ\u00e9es partout o\u00f9 la qualit\u00e9 g\u00e9om\u00e9trique du b\u00e9ton frais conditionne la durabilit\u00e9 ou l\u2019usage du sol. Dans les entrep\u00f4ts logistiques, elles facilitent la cr\u00e9ation de grandes zones de circulation r\u00e9guli\u00e8res pour les transpalettes, chariots \u00e9l\u00e9vateurs et pr\u00e9parateurs de commandes. Dans les usines, elles favorisent une finition homog\u00e8ne avant la pose de machines, de rayonnages ou de syst\u00e8mes automatis\u00e9s.<\/p><p>Les plateformes commerciales et les magasins de grande taille b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient \u00e9galement d\u2019un r\u00e9glage rapide avant la mise en \u0153uvre des rev\u00eatements ult\u00e9rieurs. Dans les hangars a\u00e9ronautiques, les aires de maintenance et les terminaux, la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de surface est importante pour les v\u00e9hicules, les \u00e9quipements roulants et le drainage. Les projets d\u2019infrastructure, notamment les voiries, les quais, les ponts et les plateformes portuaires, peuvent utiliser des syst\u00e8mes adapt\u00e9s aux pentes et aux formes complexes.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Secteur<\/th><th>Application<\/th><th>Exigence courante<\/th><th>Type de solution adapt\u00e9<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Logistique<\/td><td>Entrep\u00f4ts et plateformes de distribution<\/td><td>Plan\u00e9it\u00e9 et grande cadence de coulage<\/td><td>Machine port\u00e9e \u00e0 conducteur assis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Industrie<\/td><td>Usines, ateliers et zones de production<\/td><td>R\u00e9sistance au trafic et r\u00e9gularit\u00e9<\/td><td>Machine compacte ou port\u00e9e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commerce<\/td><td>Grandes surfaces et r\u00e9serves<\/td><td>Acc\u00e8s contr\u00f4l\u00e9 et d\u00e9lais courts<\/td><td>Machine compacte \u00e0 laser<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A\u00e9ronautique<\/td><td>Hangars et zones de maintenance<\/td><td>G\u00e9om\u00e9trie stricte et finition durable<\/td><td>Machine port\u00e9e avec contr\u00f4le renforc\u00e9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Portuaire<\/td><td>Quais, terminaux et aires de stockage<\/td><td>R\u00e9sistance aux charges et aux intemp\u00e9ries<\/td><td>Machine \u00e0 forte capacit\u00e9 ou guidage tridimensionnel<\/td><\/tr><td>Infrastructure<\/td><td>Voiries, rampes et plateformes ext\u00e9rieures<\/td><td>Pentes, drainage et profil complexe<\/td><td>Machine avec profilage tridimensionnel<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/section><section><h2>Exemples de mise en \u0153uvre<\/h2><h3>Plateforme logistique pr\u00e8s de Lyon<\/h3><p>Sur une grande plateforme logistique situ\u00e9e dans la vall\u00e9e du Rh\u00f4ne, la r\u00e8gle laser permet d\u2019organiser le coulage par bandes continues. Les \u00e9quipes v\u00e9rifient d\u2019abord la couche de forme, positionnent les armatures ou les fibres pr\u00e9vues, puis coordonnent les arriv\u00e9es des toupies. Une machine port\u00e9e peut travailler dans les zones ouvertes tandis qu\u2019une machine plus compacte traite les rives, quais ou zones proches des r\u00e9servations. La finition m\u00e9canique commence d\u00e8s que le b\u00e9ton atteint le bon \u00e9tat de prise.<\/p><h3>Extension d\u2019usine dans le Grand Est<\/h3><p>Dans une extension industrielle comportant de nombreux poteaux, une solution \u00e0 bras articul\u00e9 ou une machine compacte est utile pour r\u00e9duire les reprises autour des obstacles. Le plan de coulage doit int\u00e9grer les joints, les passages de r\u00e9seaux et les ouvertures techniques. Le contr\u00f4le laser assure la cote g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, tandis que les finisseurs corrigent localement les zones de transition et pr\u00e9parent la surface selon le rev\u00eatement final.<\/p><h3>Terminal de stockage pr\u00e8s de Marseille-Fos<\/h3><p>Pour une plateforme ext\u00e9rieure soumise aux charges lourdes et aux variations climatiques, la pr\u00e9paration du support et la ma\u00eetrise du drainage sont prioritaires. Le guidage peut int\u00e9grer des pentes afin d\u2019\u00e9vacuer les eaux. La r\u00e8gle laser am\u00e9liore l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie pr\u00e9vue, mais la performance finale repose aussi sur la formulation adapt\u00e9e, les joints, la cure et la protection de la dalle contre le dess\u00e8chement trop rapide.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Entretien et s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/h2><p>Avant chaque coulage, il convient de v\u00e9rifier le niveau des fluides, les flexibles hydrauliques, le serrage des fixations, la propret\u00e9 du r\u00e9cepteur laser, l\u2019\u00e9tat de la t\u00eate vibrante et le fonctionnement des commandes d\u2019arr\u00eat. Apr\u00e8s le travail, le nettoyage doit \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9 avant que le b\u00e9ton ne durcisse sur les pi\u00e8ces mobiles. Une accumulation de b\u00e9ton peut perturber la vibration, alourdir la t\u00eate et r\u00e9duire la qualit\u00e9 du r\u00e9glage.<\/p><p>La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 exige une zone de circulation claire entre les toupies, les pompes, les op\u00e9rateurs de r\u00e2teau et la r\u00e8gle laser. L\u2019op\u00e9rateur doit conserver une visibilit\u00e9 suffisante et utiliser les \u00e9quipements de protection adapt\u00e9s. Les personnes au sol doivent rester hors de la trajectoire de la machine et \u00e9viter les zones proches des parties mobiles. Le laser doit \u00eatre install\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ne pas \u00eatre heurt\u00e9 par les engins de chantier.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tendances pour 2026<\/h2><p>En 2026, le march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais des dallages devrait poursuivre son \u00e9volution vers une ex\u00e9cution plus mesurable, plus sobre en ressources et plus num\u00e9ris\u00e9e. Les grands projets logistiques et industriels demandent des d\u00e9lais plus courts, une tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 renforc\u00e9e et une meilleure ma\u00eetrise des d\u00e9fauts. Les machines \u00e9quip\u00e9es de capteurs plus pr\u00e9cis, d\u2019\u00e9crans de diagnostic et de syst\u00e8mes de contr\u00f4le connect\u00e9s faciliteront la maintenance pr\u00e9ventive et le suivi des performances.<\/p><p>Le profilage tridimensionnel devrait progresser pour les plateformes ext\u00e9rieures, les rampes, les ouvrages de mobilit\u00e9 et les surfaces int\u00e9grant des pentes fonctionnelles. Les mod\u00e8les num\u00e9riques de chantier permettront de mieux relier le plan de conception, le contr\u00f4le de la plateforme et le r\u00e9glage du b\u00e9ton frais. Cette \u00e9volution r\u00e9duira les \u00e9carts entre la conception et l\u2019ex\u00e9cution, \u00e0 condition que les \u00e9quipes soient form\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019exploitation des donn\u00e9es.<\/p><p>La durabilit\u00e9 devient \u00e9galement un facteur d\u2019achat. Les entreprises rechercheront des machines \u00e0 consommation ma\u00eetris\u00e9e, des composants plus durables, des options \u00e9lectriques pour certains environnements ferm\u00e9s et des \u00e9quipements capables de travailler avec des formulations b\u00e9ton \u00e0 empreinte carbone r\u00e9duite. Les projets devront aussi mieux g\u00e9rer les mat\u00e9riaux recycl\u00e9s, les liants alternatifs, les fibres et les exigences de long\u00e9vit\u00e9 des sols.<\/p><p>Enfin, les donneurs d\u2019ordre fran\u00e7ais accordent davantage d\u2019importance \u00e0 la disponibilit\u00e9 du service. Un fournisseur capable d\u2019assurer des formations, de proposer des pi\u00e8ces, de diagnostiquer \u00e0 distance et de mobiliser des partenaires locaux apportera une valeur sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 une simple machine. Les entreprises de dallage ont int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 int\u00e9grer ces crit\u00e8res dans leurs appels d\u2019offres et leurs calculs de co\u00fbt total d\u2019exploitation.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2><h3>Une r\u00e8gle laser remplace-t-elle les finisseurs de b\u00e9ton ?<\/h3><p>Non. Elle automatise le r\u00e9glage initial, la r\u00e9partition et la vibration, mais les finisseurs restent indispensables pour les bords, les d\u00e9tails, le talochage, la cure, le sciage des joints et le contr\u00f4le final.<\/p><h3>Quelle pr\u00e9cision peut-on obtenir avec une r\u00e8gle laser ?<\/h3><p>Une machine bien r\u00e9gl\u00e9e peut contribuer \u00e0 atteindre une pr\u00e9cision millim\u00e9trique sur la cote de travail. Le r\u00e9sultat r\u00e9el d\u00e9pend toutefois de la plateforme, de la formulation b\u00e9ton, de la logistique, des tol\u00e9rances du projet et de la comp\u00e9tence de l\u2019\u00e9quipe.<\/p><h3>Peut-on utiliser une r\u00e8gle laser avec du b\u00e9ton fibr\u00e9 ?<\/h3><p>Oui, \u00e0 condition de valider la formulation, l\u2019ouvrabilit\u00e9 et les r\u00e9glages de vibration. Les fibres m\u00e9talliques ou synth\u00e9tiques modifient le comportement du b\u00e9ton frais et doivent \u00eatre prises en compte lors des essais.<\/p><h3>Quelle machine convient \u00e0 un entrep\u00f4t de grande surface ?<\/h3><p>Une r\u00e8gle laser port\u00e9e \u00e0 conducteur assis est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la solution la plus productive pour les grandes zones d\u00e9gag\u00e9es. Si le b\u00e2timent comporte de nombreux poteaux ou r\u00e9servations, une version \u00e0 bras articul\u00e9 peut \u00eatre plus adapt\u00e9e.<\/p><h3>Faut-il pr\u00e9voir une formation sp\u00e9cifique ?<\/h3><p>Oui. L\u2019op\u00e9rateur doit ma\u00eetriser l\u2019installation du laser, le calibrage, le r\u00e9glage hydraulique, les contr\u00f4les quotidiens, le nettoyage et les r\u00e8gles de s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Une formation r\u00e9duit les erreurs de cote et les arr\u00eats pendant le coulage.<\/p><h3>Quels co\u00fbts faut-il comparer au-del\u00e0 du prix d\u2019achat ?<\/h3><p>Il faut comparer le rendement, les besoins en main-d\u2019\u0153uvre, le transport, le carburant ou l\u2019\u00e9nergie, les consommables, les pi\u00e8ces d\u00e9tach\u00e9es, la formation, l\u2019assistance technique et le risque d\u2019immobilisation pendant un chantier critique.<\/p><h3>Une machine internationale peut-elle convenir \u00e0 un chantier fran\u00e7ais ?<\/h3><p>Oui, si elle dispose des certifications applicables, d\u2019une documentation ad\u00e9quate, d\u2019un support technique clair, de pi\u00e8ces accessibles et d\u2019un partenaire capable d\u2019accompagner l\u2019utilisateur avant et apr\u00e8s la livraison. Le r\u00e9seau de service doit \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 avant la commande.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Conclusion<\/h2><p>Une r\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 b\u00e9ton est un outil de mise \u00e0 niveau automatis\u00e9e qui utilise un plan laser et des corrections hydrauliques pour produire des dallages plus r\u00e9guliers, plus rapidement et avec moins de reprises manuelles. En France, elle constitue un investissement pertinent pour les entreprises intervenant dans la logistique, l\u2019industrie, le commerce, les infrastructures et les plateformes ext\u00e9rieures.<\/p><p>Le meilleur choix d\u00e9pend de la surface, de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur, du b\u00e9ton, de la cadence de coulage et du niveau de service attendu. Pour d\u00e9couvrir les \u00e9quipements et solutions de construction de sols propos\u00e9s par le fabricant, consultez le site <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse Machinery pour les professionnels du b\u00e9ton<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","es-title":"Funcionamiento de la regla l\u00e1ser para soleras en Espa\u00f1a","es-meta":"Descubra c\u00f3mo funciona una regla l\u00e1ser en Espa\u00f1a: control rotativo, nivelaci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica y elecci\u00f3n de equipos para soleras industriales m\u00e1s precisas y r\u00e1pidas.","es-content":"<h1>C\u00f3mo funciona una regla l\u00e1ser para hormig\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1a<\/h1><section><h2>Respuesta r\u00e1pida<\/h2><p>Una regla l\u00e1ser para hormig\u00f3n funciona mediante un emisor l\u00e1ser rotativo que establece una cota de referencia en toda la obra. El receptor instalado en el m\u00e1stil de la m\u00e1quina detecta si la cabeza de nivelaci\u00f3n est\u00e1 por encima o por debajo de esa cota y transmite la correcci\u00f3n al sistema hidr\u00e1ulico. La regla distribuye, corta y compacta el hormig\u00f3n fresco hasta obtener la altura programada, con una precisi\u00f3n que puede llegar al nivel milim\u00e9trico seg\u00fan el equipo, la preparaci\u00f3n de la base y las condiciones de ejecuci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>En Espa\u00f1a, este sistema es especialmente \u00fatil para naves log\u00edsticas, f\u00e1bricas, plataformas de distribuci\u00f3n, aparcamientos, centros comerciales, terminales portuarias y pavimentos de gran superficie. Reduce la dependencia de maestras manuales, acelera la puesta en obra y mejora la regularidad de la solera antes del fratasado.<\/p><p>Antes de comprar, conviene revisar el alcance de trabajo, el tipo de m\u00e1quina, la disponibilidad de repuestos, la formaci\u00f3n de operarios y el servicio t\u00e9cnico en ciudades como Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Sevilla o M\u00e1laga. Adem\u00e1s de fabricantes europeos y distribuidores nacionales, tambi\u00e9n pueden considerarse proveedores internacionales cualificados, incluidas empresas chinas con certificaci\u00f3n CE, documentaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica v\u00e1lida y soporte preventa y posventa s\u00f3lido, ya que pueden ofrecer una relaci\u00f3n coste-prestaciones competitiva.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Qu\u00e9 es una regla l\u00e1ser y por qu\u00e9 se utiliza<\/h2><p>La regla l\u00e1ser es una m\u00e1quina dise\u00f1ada para extender y nivelar hormig\u00f3n fresco de forma automatizada. Su objetivo principal es producir una solera con una cota uniforme y una mejor planeidad, evitando las variaciones de espesor que pueden aparecer con sistemas manuales, reglas vibrantes convencionales o maestras mal ejecutadas.<\/p><p>En una obra tradicional, el equipo coloca el hormig\u00f3n, lo reparte con herramientas manuales y utiliza maestras f\u00edsicas para controlar la altura. Este m\u00e9todo puede funcionar en pa\u00f1os peque\u00f1os, pero requiere mucha mano de obra, aumenta el tiempo de preparaci\u00f3n y puede limitar la continuidad del vertido. Una regla l\u00e1ser sustituye gran parte de ese control visual y manual por una referencia digital constante.<\/p><p>El l\u00e1ser no \u201calisa\u201d por s\u00ed solo el pavimento. La calidad final depende de una cadena completa: subbase compactada, encofrados correctos, hormig\u00f3n con consistencia adecuada, suministro continuo, reparto eficiente, nivelaci\u00f3n automatizada, fratasado en el momento oportuno, curado y corte de juntas. La m\u00e1quina mejora una etapa cr\u00edtica, pero no compensa una dosificaci\u00f3n deficiente, una base inestable o una log\u00edstica de hormig\u00f3n irregular.<\/p><p>En Espa\u00f1a, su uso ha crecido especialmente en pol\u00edgonos industriales de Madrid, el Corredor del Henares, Barcelona y su \u00e1rea log\u00edstica, Zaragoza-Plaza, Valencia y el entorno del puerto, Murcia, Burgos, Valladolid, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Bilbao y Sevilla. Estas zonas concentran almacenes, plataformas de comercio electr\u00f3nico, plantas de producci\u00f3n y centros de transporte donde la resistencia, la planeidad y la velocidad de ejecuci\u00f3n son requisitos relevantes.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Principio de funcionamiento de la nivelaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser<\/h2><p>El proceso comienza con la definici\u00f3n de la cota final de la solera. El jefe de obra determina la altura de acabado tomando como referencia planos, cotas estructurales, accesos, drenajes, juntas, puertas industriales y tolerancias del proyecto. Despu\u00e9s se instala un transmisor l\u00e1ser rotativo en una posici\u00f3n protegida y estable, normalmente fuera del \u00e1rea de tr\u00e1nsito directo.<\/p><p>El emisor genera un plano horizontal de referencia de 360 grados. Cuando se requiere ejecutar pendientes, rampas, pavimentos exteriores o plataformas con drenaje, puede utilizarse un control de inclinaci\u00f3n o un sistema de perfilado tridimensional compatible con la m\u00e1quina. El receptor situado en la estructura de la regla mide constantemente la posici\u00f3n del cabezal respecto a ese plano.<\/p><p>Si la regla se encuentra por encima de la cota configurada, el sistema ordena bajar el cabezal. Si est\u00e1 por debajo, lo eleva. Estas correcciones se realizan continuamente durante el avance. La combinaci\u00f3n de lectura l\u00e1ser, v\u00e1lvulas hidr\u00e1ulicas, sensores y estructura r\u00edgida permite mantener una altura uniforme mientras el operador desplaza la m\u00e1quina por el pa\u00f1o de hormig\u00f3n.<\/p><p>En los modelos de conducci\u00f3n a bordo, el operario controla el desplazamiento desde una plataforma elevada. En las m\u00e1quinas de brazo o pluma, el cabezal puede alcanzar \u00e1reas amplias alrededor del equipo, reduciendo movimientos y permitiendo trabajar en pa\u00f1os extensos. En equipos compactos o de empuje, la soluci\u00f3n se adapta mejor a recintos peque\u00f1os, zonas con pilares, reformas y accesos limitados.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Componentes principales de una regla l\u00e1ser<\/h2><p>Comprender los componentes ayuda a elegir una configuraci\u00f3n adecuada y a evitar expectativas poco realistas. Cada elemento influye directamente en la precisi\u00f3n, productividad, mantenimiento y facilidad de uso en obra.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Funci\u00f3n en la obra<\/th><th>Impacto sobre el resultado<\/th><th>Revisi\u00f3n recomendada<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Emisor l\u00e1ser rotativo<\/td><td>Crea el plano de referencia de la cota final.<\/td><td>Define la base de medici\u00f3n para toda la superficie.<\/td><td>Comprobar calibraci\u00f3n, bater\u00eda, tr\u00edpode y protecci\u00f3n frente a golpes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Receptor l\u00e1ser<\/td><td>Detecta la posici\u00f3n del cabezal respecto al plano l\u00e1ser.<\/td><td>Permite correcciones autom\u00e1ticas de altura.<\/td><td>Limpiar la ventana de lectura y verificar respuesta antes del vertido.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>M\u00e1stil de elevaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Une el receptor con la estructura de nivelaci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Una holgura puede transmitir errores de lectura a la solera.<\/td><td>Revisar alineaci\u00f3n, fijaciones y ausencia de deformaciones.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cabezal o regla de extendido<\/td><td>Distribuye, corta y nivela el hormig\u00f3n fresco.<\/td><td>Determina la capacidad de trabajo y el acabado inicial.<\/td><td>Inspeccionar desgaste, rectitud y acumulaciones de mortero.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sistema hidr\u00e1ulico<\/td><td>Acciona elevaci\u00f3n, giro, vibraci\u00f3n y desplazamiento del cabezal.<\/td><td>Proporciona una respuesta estable ante las correcciones del l\u00e1ser.<\/td><td>Controlar aceite, filtros, mangueras, racores y fugas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vibrador integrado<\/td><td>Ayuda a consolidar el hormig\u00f3n delante de la regla.<\/td><td>Reduce huecos superficiales y favorece la regularidad inicial.<\/td><td>Verificar frecuencia, anclajes y desgaste de elementos m\u00f3viles.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Motor y transmisi\u00f3n<\/td><td>Suministran potencia a los sistemas de trabajo y movilidad.<\/td><td>Afectan a continuidad operativa, consumo y respuesta hidr\u00e1ulica.<\/td><td>Seguir el plan de mantenimiento y controlar refrigeraci\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La tabla anterior muestra que la precisi\u00f3n no depende \u00fanicamente del l\u00e1ser. Un receptor correctamente calibrado no puede corregir una regla doblada, un brazo con holgura, un sistema hidr\u00e1ulico lento o un hormig\u00f3n segregado. Por ello, la inspecci\u00f3n diaria y el mantenimiento preventivo son tan importantes como la selecci\u00f3n inicial del equipo.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Secuencia pr\u00e1ctica de trabajo en una solera industrial<\/h2><p>La ejecuci\u00f3n eficiente requiere coordinar el movimiento de camiones hormigonera, la descarga, el reparto, la regla l\u00e1ser, los fratasadores, el curado y el corte de juntas. En grandes superficies, una interrupci\u00f3n de suministro puede afectar a las juntas de construcci\u00f3n, al color, a la textura y al momento de entrada de las m\u00e1quinas de acabado.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Fase de trabajo<\/th><th>Acci\u00f3n principal<\/th><th>Responsable habitual<\/th><th>Control cr\u00edtico<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Replanteo<\/td><td>Definir cotas, pendientes, pa\u00f1os, juntas y puntos de referencia.<\/td><td>Jefe de obra y topograf\u00eda.<\/td><td>Compatibilidad con puertas, drenajes, pilares y planos estructurales.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preparaci\u00f3n de base<\/td><td>Compactar, regularizar y verificar la subbase.<\/td><td>Equipo de movimiento de tierras.<\/td><td>Capacidad portante, humedad y ausencia de zonas blandas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Instalaci\u00f3n del l\u00e1ser<\/td><td>Montar el emisor en un punto estable y programar la cota.<\/td><td>Operador de regla l\u00e1ser.<\/td><td>Calibraci\u00f3n, visibilidad y protecci\u00f3n de la se\u00f1al.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Descarga y reparto<\/td><td>Colocar el hormig\u00f3n cerca de la cota de trabajo.<\/td><td>Equipo de extendido y hormigoneras.<\/td><td>Continuidad de suministro y consistencia homog\u00e9nea.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nivelaci\u00f3n automatizada<\/td><td>Avanzar con la regla mientras el control l\u00e1ser corrige la altura.<\/td><td>Operador especializado.<\/td><td>Velocidad uniforme, solape correcto y vibraci\u00f3n adecuada.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acabado superficial<\/td><td>Realizar fratasado, alisado o aplicaci\u00f3n de endurecedor seg\u00fan proyecto.<\/td><td>Equipo de pavimentaci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Momento de entrada seg\u00fan exudaci\u00f3n y resistencia superficial.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Curado y juntas<\/td><td>Aplicar curado y cortar juntas en la ventana adecuada.<\/td><td>Equipo de acabado y control de calidad.<\/td><td>Evitar fisuraci\u00f3n por retracci\u00f3n y p\u00e9rdida r\u00e1pida de humedad.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Durante la nivelaci\u00f3n, el operador no debe tratar de compensar grandes faltas de hormig\u00f3n con la m\u00e1quina. La regla est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ada para regularizar y cortar una capa razonable. Cuando llegan montones excesivos o zonas claramente bajas, el equipo auxiliar debe redistribuir el material antes del paso de la regla. Esta pr\u00e1ctica evita sobrecargar el cabezal, reduce marcas y ayuda a mantener una producci\u00f3n estable.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tipos de reglas l\u00e1ser disponibles<\/h2><p>La elecci\u00f3n depende del tama\u00f1o del pa\u00f1o, los obst\u00e1culos, el volumen diario de hormig\u00f3n, la precisi\u00f3n requerida, el acceso al recinto y el presupuesto disponible. No existe un formato universalmente mejor; el equipo correcto es el que encaja con el m\u00e9todo de trabajo real del contratista.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tipo de equipo<\/th><th>Entorno m\u00e1s adecuado<\/th><th>Ventaja principal<\/th><th>Limitaci\u00f3n habitual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser de empuje<\/td><td>Reformas, salas peque\u00f1as, garajes y \u00e1reas con acceso limitado.<\/td><td>Formato compacto y coste inicial contenido.<\/td><td>Menor producci\u00f3n y mayor esfuerzo del operario.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser autopropulsada compacta<\/td><td>Obras medianas, naves con pilares y zonas interiores.<\/td><td>Buena maniobrabilidad y control de elevaci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Alcance inferior frente a equipos de pluma larga.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser de conducci\u00f3n a bordo<\/td><td>Almacenes, f\u00e1bricas y grandes pa\u00f1os interiores.<\/td><td>Alta productividad y menor fatiga del operador.<\/td><td>Exige acceso suficiente y personal formado.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser de pluma<\/td><td>Centros log\u00edsticos, terminales y superficies extensas.<\/td><td>Gran radio de trabajo y operaci\u00f3n de 360 grados.<\/td><td>Mayor inversi\u00f3n y necesidad de planificaci\u00f3n log\u00edstica.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Equipo compatible con perfilado tridimensional<\/td><td>Rampas, plataformas exteriores y pavimentos con geometr\u00eda compleja.<\/td><td>Permite trabajar con cotas y pendientes definidas digitalmente.<\/td><td>Requiere topograf\u00eda, archivos correctos y control especializado.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla vibrante convencional<\/td><td>Pa\u00f1os peque\u00f1os o trabajos donde no se precisa automatizaci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Simplicidad y facilidad de transporte.<\/td><td>Depende m\u00e1s de maestras y de la habilidad manual.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Para una nave de distribuci\u00f3n en la periferia de Madrid o Barcelona, una m\u00e1quina de conducci\u00f3n a bordo o de pluma suele aportar una mejora relevante si se ejecutan grandes superficies de forma recurrente. Para un contratista que realiza aparcamientos, ampliaciones comerciales y reformas en diferentes provincias, una soluci\u00f3n compacta y transportable puede ser m\u00e1s rentable. La decisi\u00f3n debe basarse en los metros cuadrados anuales, no solo en el tama\u00f1o de una obra concreta.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Rendimiento, precisi\u00f3n y factores que influyen<\/h2><p>El rendimiento anunciado por un fabricante debe interpretarse como una referencia t\u00e9cnica, no como una garant\u00eda universal. La producci\u00f3n real var\u00eda seg\u00fan el espesor de la losa, la distancia entre el punto de descarga y el frente de trabajo, el n\u00famero de operarios, la temperatura, el dise\u00f1o de mezcla, la presencia de pilares, la exigencia de acabado y la continuidad del suministro.<\/p><p>Una regla l\u00e1ser bien operada puede mejorar notablemente la velocidad frente a una ejecuci\u00f3n manual. Sin embargo, la mayor ventaja suele ser la repetibilidad: el equipo recibe una referencia constante y evita depender \u00fanicamente de la apreciaci\u00f3n visual del operario. Esta repetibilidad resulta especialmente valiosa en suelos para estanter\u00edas altas, robots log\u00edsticos, carretillas retr\u00e1ctiles, maquinaria de precisi\u00f3n y tr\u00e1fico intensivo.<\/p><p>La planeidad debe verificarse con el m\u00e9todo indicado en el proyecto. Algunos contratos utilizan reglas de control, mediciones de perfil, sistemas de numeraci\u00f3n de planicidad u otros criterios t\u00e9cnicos. La regla l\u00e1ser ayuda a alcanzar una cota uniforme, pero las exigencias de planicidad tambi\u00e9n dependen del fratasado, de las juntas, de la retracci\u00f3n, del comportamiento de la mezcla y de la estrategia de vertido.<\/p><p>En verano, especialmente en zonas interiores de Andaluc\u00eda, Murcia, Castilla-La Mancha o el valle del Ebro, la p\u00e9rdida r\u00e1pida de agua puede reducir la ventana disponible para el acabado. En invierno, la baja temperatura puede retrasar el fraguado y modificar la secuencia de entrada de fratasadoras. La planificaci\u00f3n debe incorporar previsi\u00f3n meteorol\u00f3gica, curado, protecci\u00f3n y coordinaci\u00f3n con la planta de hormig\u00f3n.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Industrias y aplicaciones en Espa\u00f1a<\/h2><p>Las reglas l\u00e1ser se utilizan en proyectos donde la superficie de hormig\u00f3n debe ejecutarse con regularidad, velocidad y control. Su valor aumenta cuando los costes de una correcci\u00f3n posterior son altos o cuando la actividad del edificio depende de un suelo resistente y uniforme.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Sector<\/th><th>Aplicaci\u00f3n habitual<\/th><th>Necesidad t\u00e9cnica<\/th><th>Zona espa\u00f1ola frecuente<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Log\u00edstica<\/td><td>Almacenes de gran altura y plataformas de distribuci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Planeidad para carretillas, estanter\u00edas y circulaci\u00f3n continua.<\/td><td>Madrid, Barcelona, Zaragoza, Valencia y Guadalajara.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Industria manufacturera<\/td><td>F\u00e1bricas, talleres y \u00e1reas de producci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Resistencia al tr\u00e1fico, equipos pesados y cargas puntuales.<\/td><td>Pa\u00eds Vasco, Navarra, Catalu\u00f1a y Comunidad Valenciana.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Puertos y terminales<\/td><td>Patios de contenedores, almacenes portuarios y explanadas.<\/td><td>Durabilidad, drenaje y resistencia a tr\u00e1fico intenso.<\/td><td>Valencia, Barcelona, Bilbao, Algeciras y Tarragona.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Comercio<\/td><td>Hipermercados, centros comerciales y aparcamientos.<\/td><td>Rapidez de apertura, acabado uniforme y resistencia al desgaste.<\/td><td>Madrid, Sevilla, M\u00e1laga, Alicante y Palma.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infraestructuras<\/td><td>Plataformas t\u00e9cnicas, estaciones y edificios de servicio.<\/td><td>Cotas precisas, pendientes y coordinaci\u00f3n con instalaciones.<\/td><td>Todo el territorio nacional.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agricultura y alimentaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>Almacenes frigor\u00edficos, centros de envasado y naves agr\u00edcolas.<\/td><td>Higiene, drenaje, resistencia qu\u00edmica y facilidad de limpieza.<\/td><td>Murcia, Almer\u00eda, Huelva, Lleida y Arag\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aeropuertos y transporte<\/td><td>Hangares, talleres y \u00e1reas de mantenimiento.<\/td><td>Grandes pa\u00f1os, cargas elevadas y exigencias operativas.<\/td><td>Madrid, Barcelona, Palma, M\u00e1laga y Gran Canaria.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La tabla permite relacionar la m\u00e1quina con el uso final del pavimento. Por ejemplo, una plataforma log\u00edstica cerca del puerto de Valencia puede exigir altos ritmos de ejecuci\u00f3n por la presi\u00f3n del calendario, mientras que una f\u00e1brica de componentes en Navarra puede priorizar tolerancias espec\u00edficas para maquinaria instalada. El an\u00e1lisis debe partir siempre de la funci\u00f3n del suelo, no \u00fanicamente de los metros cuadrados.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Ejemplos de aplicaci\u00f3n y resultados esperados<\/h2><p>En una nave log\u00edstica de gran superficie, la regla l\u00e1ser permite avanzar por franjas amplias con menos maestras f\u00edsicas. Esto reduce la preparaci\u00f3n previa y facilita el movimiento del reparto de hormig\u00f3n. El contratista puede concentrar el equipo en controlar el suministro, el espesor, las juntas y el acabado final.<\/p><p>En un almac\u00e9n frigor\u00edfico, la nivelaci\u00f3n precisa ayuda a mantener una base regular antes de aplicar sistemas de acabado o revestimientos espec\u00edficos. No obstante, el dise\u00f1o debe incorporar requisitos de aislamiento, barrera de vapor, juntas y resistencia t\u00e9rmica. La regla l\u00e1ser resuelve la cota del hormig\u00f3n, pero la soluci\u00f3n completa requiere coordinaci\u00f3n entre ingenier\u00eda, pavimentaci\u00f3n y proveedor de materiales.<\/p><p>En una terminal de carga pr\u00f3xima al puerto de Algeciras o Bilbao, la maquinaria puede emplearse para pavimentos de grandes dimensiones donde el drenaje es fundamental. En estos casos, el control tridimensional y la topograf\u00eda aportan valor porque permiten seguir pendientes definidas sin depender de referencias f\u00edsicas extensas.<\/p><p>En una ampliaci\u00f3n industrial con numerosos pilares, una m\u00e1quina compacta puede ser m\u00e1s efectiva que una de gran pluma. El rendimiento por hora puede ser menor sobre el papel, pero la maniobrabilidad reduce tiempos improductivos, evita reposicionamientos complejos y mejora el acceso entre obst\u00e1culos.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Proveedores y fabricantes a considerar en Espa\u00f1a<\/h2><p>La selecci\u00f3n de proveedor debe incluir una comparaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica y de servicio. Es importante confirmar qui\u00e9n realiza la puesta en marcha, si existen piezas de desgaste disponibles en Espa\u00f1a o Europa, qu\u00e9 formaci\u00f3n recibe el operador y cu\u00e1l es el tiempo de respuesta ante una incidencia durante un vertido. Los siguientes nombres son conocidos en el mercado de maquinaria de construcci\u00f3n, pavimentaci\u00f3n o acabado de hormig\u00f3n y deben evaluarse seg\u00fan el modelo disponible y la red comercial de cada zona.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Empresa<\/th><th>Regi\u00f3n de servicio<\/th><th>Fortaleza principal<\/th><th>Oferta relevante<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse Machinery<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a mediante distribuidores europeos, soporte remoto y red internacional.<\/td><td>Gama de reglas l\u00e1ser de empuje, conducci\u00f3n a bordo y pluma con opciones de personalizaci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Equipos de nivelaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser, fratasadoras, cortadoras, pulidoras y materiales para pavimentos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>Mercado internacional con red de distribuci\u00f3n para proyectos de soleras industriales.<\/td><td>Especializaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica en automatizaci\u00f3n de nivelaci\u00f3n de hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Reglas l\u00e1ser de conducci\u00f3n a bordo y de pluma para grandes superficies.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine International<\/td><td>Mercado internacional y proyectos atendidos a trav\u00e9s de distribuidores.<\/td><td>M\u00e1quinas compactas y soluciones de nivelaci\u00f3n para contratistas especializados.<\/td><td>Reglas l\u00e1ser autopropulsadas y equipos asociados al acabado de losas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson Espa\u00f1a<\/td><td>Red comercial y t\u00e9cnica en Espa\u00f1a.<\/td><td>Amplia presencia en maquinaria ligera y compactaci\u00f3n para preparaci\u00f3n de obra.<\/td><td>Vibraci\u00f3n, compactaci\u00f3n, energ\u00eda, bombas y equipos de apoyo al hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Espa\u00f1a<\/td><td>Cobertura nacional mediante distribuidores y servicio especializado.<\/td><td>Experiencia en corte, perforaci\u00f3n y preparaci\u00f3n de superficies de hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Cortadoras de juntas, equipos de acabado y soluciones de tratamiento de pavimentos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister Ib\u00e9rica<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a, Portugal y apoyo a proyectos de bombeo de hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Reconocimiento en transporte y bombeo de hormig\u00f3n para obras exigentes.<\/td><td>Bombas, equipos de bombeo y soporte para log\u00edstica de vertido.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Esta comparaci\u00f3n no sustituye una verificaci\u00f3n comercial directa. Un proveedor de regla l\u00e1ser debe demostrar la disponibilidad real del modelo, las condiciones de garant\u00eda, el inventario de piezas, el alcance del servicio y la formaci\u00f3n. Para empresas de pavimentos en Madrid, Valencia o Barcelona, tambi\u00e9n es recomendable solicitar una demostraci\u00f3n con su propia mezcla de hormig\u00f3n y con el tipo de acabado que realizan habitualmente.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>C\u00f3mo elegir la m\u00e1quina adecuada<\/h2><p>La compra debe comenzar por un c\u00e1lculo de necesidades. Un contratista que ejecuta pocos pa\u00f1os al a\u00f1o puede valorar alquiler, colaboraci\u00f3n con un especialista o una m\u00e1quina compacta. Una empresa que hormigona semanalmente naves industriales puede justificar un equipo de mayor alcance, especialmente si dispone de personal estable y un plan de mantenimiento.<\/p><p>El tama\u00f1o de los pa\u00f1os es un criterio b\u00e1sico. Las m\u00e1quinas de brazo ofrecen cobertura amplia, pero requieren espacio para posicionarse y moverse. En recintos con pilares densos, muelles interiores, puertas estrechas o cambios frecuentes de obra, una configuraci\u00f3n compacta puede proporcionar una mejor utilizaci\u00f3n real.<\/p><p>Tambi\u00e9n debe analizarse el coste total de propiedad. El precio de compra es solo una parte: combustible, transporte, formaci\u00f3n, repuestos, mantenimiento, depreciaci\u00f3n, seguros y tiempo de inactividad afectan a la rentabilidad. Una oferta econ\u00f3mica sin soporte t\u00e9cnico verificable puede resultar costosa si un sensor, una manguera o un componente hidr\u00e1ulico falla durante un vertido programado.<\/p><p>La documentaci\u00f3n debe estar disponible en espa\u00f1ol o ser f\u00e1cilmente comprensible para el equipo responsable. Revise marcado CE, manuales, listas de piezas, protocolos de seguridad, garant\u00eda y capacidad de asistencia t\u00e9cnica. Cuando se importa maquinaria, conviene confirmar qui\u00e9n gestiona el suministro de consumibles y qu\u00e9 procedimiento se sigue para diagn\u00f3sticos remotos o reparaciones presenciales.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse Machinery y soporte para proyectos de pavimentaci\u00f3n<\/h2><p>Vanse Machinery aporta una propuesta pr\u00e1ctica para contratistas, distribuidores y empresas de pavimentos que trabajan en Espa\u00f1a con soleras industriales y proyectos de infraestructura. La empresa fabrica reglas l\u00e1ser de empuje, conducci\u00f3n a bordo y pluma, adem\u00e1s de fratasadoras, pulidoras, cortadoras y equipos complementarios para hormig\u00f3n. Su producci\u00f3n se apoya en sistemas de control l\u00e1ser, tecnolog\u00eda hidr\u00e1ulica, motores fiables y componentes duraderos, con m\u00e1s de 50 patentes de invenci\u00f3n, m\u00e1s de 200 patentes de modelos de utilidad y dise\u00f1o, y certificaciones ISO 9001 y CE. La experiencia de exportaci\u00f3n a m\u00e1s de 80 pa\u00edses, incluida Espa\u00f1a, respalda su conocimiento de requisitos internacionales y de diferentes condiciones de obra. Para clientes finales, distribuidores, concesionarios, propietarios de marca e incluso compradores individuales, ofrece venta directa, mayorista, minorista, fabricaci\u00f3n OEM y ODM, personalizaci\u00f3n de marca, configuraci\u00f3n de motores y acuerdos de distribuci\u00f3n regional. La atenci\u00f3n incluye soluciones EPC, llave en mano y para plantas de titularidad del cliente; no presta servicios BOO ni suministro a granel in situ. Su compromiso no se limita a la exportaci\u00f3n remota: cuenta con recursos de servicio en el extranjero, filiales en el Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico y Canad\u00e1, una red de distribuidores en Europa y asistencia de m\u00e1s de 100 especialistas t\u00e9cnicos, ingenieros y profesionales de posventa. Para clientes espa\u00f1oles, esto se traduce en consulta de proyecto, selecci\u00f3n de m\u00e1quina, entrega, puesta en marcha, formaci\u00f3n individual por ingenieros, diagn\u00f3stico remoto, suministro de repuestos y asistencia t\u00e9cnica mediante tel\u00e9fono, v\u00eddeo y canales digitales durante las 24 horas.<\/p><p>Los contratistas que busquen una configuraci\u00f3n adaptada pueden consultar las <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">reglas l\u00e1ser para nivelaci\u00f3n de hormig\u00f3n<\/a> y revisar los modelos de <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">conducci\u00f3n a bordo para grandes soleras<\/a>. Para proyectos con requisitos de instalaci\u00f3n, formaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento, el <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">servicio t\u00e9cnico especializado<\/a> permite planificar la puesta en marcha antes del primer vertido, mientras que la secci\u00f3n de <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">servicio posventa internacional<\/a> ayuda a valorar las opciones de soporte disponibles.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Mantenimiento y comprobaciones antes de cada vertido<\/h2><p>La regla l\u00e1ser trabaja en un entorno agresivo: polvo de cemento, humedad, vibraci\u00f3n, salpicaduras, calor, cambios de temperatura y carga hidr\u00e1ulica. Un mantenimiento preventivo sencillo reduce el riesgo de parada y protege la precisi\u00f3n de la m\u00e1quina.<\/p><p>Antes de iniciar el vertido, el operador debe comprobar el nivel de combustible o carga energ\u00e9tica, el aceite hidr\u00e1ulico, las mangueras, las conexiones, el estado del cabezal, los elementos de vibraci\u00f3n y la respuesta de mandos. Debe verificarse tambi\u00e9n el emisor l\u00e1ser con una comprobaci\u00f3n de cota y confirmar que no existen obst\u00e1culos que bloqueen la se\u00f1al entre transmisor y receptor.<\/p><p>Despu\u00e9s de cada jornada, es esencial retirar el hormig\u00f3n adherido sin golpear componentes sensibles. El mortero endurecido altera el peso, puede limitar el movimiento de piezas y acelera el desgaste. La limpieza debe realizarse siguiendo el manual del fabricante, evitando dirigir agua a presi\u00f3n sobre conexiones el\u00e9ctricas, receptores o zonas no preparadas para ello.<\/p><p>En obras cercanas al litoral, como Valencia, Tarragona, Barcelona, Bilbao, A Coru\u00f1a o Algeciras, la exposici\u00f3n a atm\u00f3sferas salinas exige mayor atenci\u00f3n a conectores, pintura, fijaciones y almacenamiento. Una m\u00e1quina mantenida en un recinto seco y revisada de forma peri\u00f3dica conserva mejor su valor y disponibilidad operativa.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tendencias para 2026: digitalizaci\u00f3n, sostenibilidad y normativa<\/h2><p>En 2026, la evoluci\u00f3n de las reglas l\u00e1ser estar\u00e1 marcada por mayor automatizaci\u00f3n, conectividad y control de datos. Los contratistas espa\u00f1oles est\u00e1n adoptando herramientas que permiten registrar horas de trabajo, consumos, mantenimiento, incidencias y par\u00e1metros de ejecuci\u00f3n. Esta informaci\u00f3n facilita calcular costes reales por metro cuadrado y programar revisiones antes de que aparezcan aver\u00edas.<\/p><p>La compatibilidad con sistemas de perfilado tridimensional seguir\u00e1 ganando importancia en plataformas exteriores, urbanizaciones industriales, accesos de veh\u00edculos, rampas y proyectos con drenaje complejo. El objetivo ser\u00e1 reducir errores de replanteo, minimizar retrabajos y mejorar la trazabilidad entre el dise\u00f1o digital y la ejecuci\u00f3n f\u00edsica.<\/p><p>La sostenibilidad tambi\u00e9n influir\u00e1 en la selecci\u00f3n de maquinaria. Las empresas valorar\u00e1n motores m\u00e1s eficientes, menor consumo, mantenimiento optimizado, reducci\u00f3n de desperdicio de hormig\u00f3n y soluciones que disminuyan la necesidad de correcciones posteriores. Una nivelaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s precisa ayuda a controlar espesores y puede reducir el volumen de material empleado cuando el proyecto est\u00e1 bien planificado.<\/p><p>Las exigencias europeas sobre seguridad, emisiones, marcado CE, gesti\u00f3n de residuos y protecci\u00f3n de trabajadores seguir\u00e1n siendo determinantes. En Espa\u00f1a, los compradores deber\u00e1n priorizar equipos con documentaci\u00f3n clara, protecciones adecuadas, manuales de seguridad y un proveedor capaz de responder a inspecciones, auditor\u00edas de obra y necesidades de formaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2><h3>\u00bfUna regla l\u00e1ser elimina la necesidad de fratasado?<\/h3><p>No. La regla l\u00e1ser realiza el extendido, la consolidaci\u00f3n inicial y la nivelaci\u00f3n de cota, pero el acabado final depende del tipo de pavimento. Una solera industrial puede requerir fratasado mec\u00e1nico, alisado, endurecedor superficial, curado y corte de juntas.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 precisi\u00f3n puede alcanzar una regla l\u00e1ser?<\/h3><p>Los equipos adecuados pueden trabajar con precisi\u00f3n milim\u00e9trica en condiciones correctas. El resultado final depende de la calibraci\u00f3n del l\u00e1ser, la rigidez de la m\u00e1quina, la preparaci\u00f3n de la base, el suministro de hormig\u00f3n, el operador y el sistema de control de calidad definido en proyecto.<\/p><h3>\u00bfPuede trabajar con pendientes?<\/h3><p>S\u00ed. Para pendientes sencillas puede utilizarse un l\u00e1ser con capacidad de inclinaci\u00f3n. Para geometr\u00edas m\u00e1s complejas, rampas o drenajes definidos por planos digitales, conviene estudiar una configuraci\u00f3n compatible con control tridimensional.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 tipo de hormig\u00f3n necesita?<\/h3><p>Debe utilizarse una mezcla dise\u00f1ada para la losa y el acabado previstos. La consistencia debe mantenerse estable entre camiones. Un hormig\u00f3n demasiado seco dificulta el reparto y la consolidaci\u00f3n, mientras que un exceso de agua puede aumentar segregaci\u00f3n, retracci\u00f3n y problemas superficiales.<\/p><h3>\u00bfEs rentable para obras peque\u00f1as?<\/h3><p>Puede serlo si el contratista realiza muchas obras peque\u00f1as, necesita mejorar la calidad o trabaja en zonas donde la mano de obra especializada es limitada. Para un proyecto aislado y reducido, el alquiler o la contrataci\u00f3n de un especialista puede ser m\u00e1s conveniente que la compra.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 debe incluir el servicio del proveedor?<\/h3><p>Como m\u00ednimo, debe incluir documentaci\u00f3n, puesta en marcha, formaci\u00f3n de operarios, garant\u00eda, disponibilidad de repuestos y un procedimiento claro para diagn\u00f3stico y reparaci\u00f3n. En proyectos de gran volumen, es recomendable acordar soporte t\u00e9cnico durante los primeros vertidos.<\/p><h3>\u00bfD\u00f3nde se utiliza m\u00e1s en Espa\u00f1a?<\/h3><p>Es habitual en naves industriales, centros log\u00edsticos, f\u00e1bricas, aparcamientos, terminales, almacenes frigor\u00edficos y plataformas de distribuci\u00f3n. Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Bilbao, Sevilla y M\u00e1laga concentran una actividad relevante por su industria, log\u00edstica y conexi\u00f3n con puertos y corredores de transporte.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Conclusi\u00f3n para contratistas y compradores<\/h2><p>Una regla l\u00e1ser para hormig\u00f3n convierte una cota de proyecto en correcciones hidr\u00e1ulicas autom\u00e1ticas mientras la m\u00e1quina extiende y nivela el material fresco. Su principal ventaja es combinar velocidad, repetibilidad y menor dependencia de maestras manuales, especialmente en soleras industriales de gran superficie.<\/p><p>La elecci\u00f3n correcta debe basarse en la aplicaci\u00f3n, el volumen anual, la geometr\u00eda de la obra, el nivel de servicio y la capacidad del proveedor para acompa\u00f1ar al contratista antes, durante y despu\u00e9s de la entrega. Con una base bien preparada, una mezcla estable, operadores formados y un plan de acabado completo, la nivelaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser puede aportar una mejora tangible en productividad y calidad del pavimento en Espa\u00f1a.<\/p><p>Para explorar opciones de maquinaria y soluciones de pavimentaci\u00f3n, puede visitar la <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">web de Vanse Machinery<\/a> y solicitar una recomendaci\u00f3n adaptada al tipo de solera, acceso de obra, volumen de hormig\u00f3n y exigencias de nivelaci\u00f3n de su proyecto.<\/p><\/section>","it-title":"Staggia laser per calcestruzzo: guida pratica in Italia","it-meta":"Scopri come funziona una staggia laser in Italia: laser rotante, sensori e impianto idraulico per getti planari, rapidi e controllati nei cantieri industriali.","it-content":"<h1>Come funziona una staggia laser per calcestruzzo<\/h1><section><h2>Risposta rapida<\/h2><p>Una staggia laser per calcestruzzo funziona ricevendo un riferimento altimetrico da un trasmettitore laser rotante. I ricevitori montati sulla macchina rilevano la quota reale della testa di stesa e inviano il segnale a una centralina; questa comanda l\u2019impianto idraulico per alzare o abbassare automaticamente la lama, distribuire il calcestruzzo e ottenere una superficie vicina alla quota progettuale. In pratica, l\u2019operatore guida la macchina lungo il getto, mentre il sistema corregge in continuo l\u2019altezza della testa di livellamento.<\/p><p>Per pavimenti industriali in Italia, una staggia laser riduce il numero di controlli manuali con stadia e livello, migliora la continuit\u00e0 della planarit\u00e0 e pu\u00f2 accelerare la posa su magazzini, poli logistici, capannoni, piazzali e terminal portuali. Il risultato dipende comunque dalla preparazione del sottofondo, dalla ricetta del calcestruzzo, dalla quota del laser, dalla competenza dell\u2019operatore e dalle operazioni di finitura successive.<\/p><p>Tra i fornitori da valutare figurano Somero, Vanse, Ligchine, Allen Engineering, Topcon Positioning Italy e Leica Geosystems Italia. Oltre ai marchi presenti localmente, possono essere considerati produttori internazionali qualificati, inclusi fornitori cinesi con marcatura CE, certificazioni pertinenti, ricambi disponibili e assistenza prima e dopo la vendita: in molti progetti offrono un vantaggio concreto nel rapporto tra investimento, produttivit\u00e0 e precisione.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Perch\u00e9 la staggia laser \u00e8 sempre pi\u00f9 usata nei cantieri italiani<\/h2><p>Il pavimento in calcestruzzo non \u00e8 pi\u00f9 considerato soltanto una superficie di passaggio. Nei centri logistici di Milano, Verona, Bologna, Padova, Novara, Piacenza e Roma, la qualit\u00e0 della soletta influenza direttamente la sicurezza dei carrelli elevatori, la velocit\u00e0 delle scaffalature mobili, il consumo degli pneumatici e la manutenzione degli impianti. Nei porti di Genova, Trieste, Livorno, Ravenna e Gioia Tauro, piazzali e aree operative richiedono inoltre elevata resistenza all\u2019usura e controllo delle pendenze di drenaggio.<\/p><p>La staggia laser risponde a queste esigenze perch\u00e9 integra misurazione, correzione e stesa in un unico ciclo. La macchina non sostituisce il responsabile di cantiere, il tecnico di pavimentazione o il collaudo finale, ma rende pi\u00f9 ripetibile il lavoro di quota. Questo \u00e8 particolarmente utile quando il getto si estende su migliaia di metri quadrati, con molte betoniere in arrivo e tempi stretti per la finitura.<\/p><p>Nel mercato italiano la scelta \u00e8 spesso influenzata da quattro fattori: accessibilit\u00e0 della macchina dentro il fabbricato, disponibilit\u00e0 di assistenza, compatibilit\u00e0 con il calcestruzzo fornito dalla centrale locale e capacit\u00e0 di rispettare la geometria prevista dal progetto. Un capannone nel distretto industriale di Brescia pu\u00f2 richiedere una macchina compatta per operare tra pilastri ravvicinati; una piattaforma logistica nell\u2019area di Interporto Bologna pu\u00f2 invece privilegiare una macchina a braccio con ampia copertura operativa.<\/p><p>\u00c8 importante distinguere la precisione teorica della macchina dalla prestazione complessiva del pavimento. Il laser controlla principalmente la quota della testa di stesa. Planarit\u00e0, regolarit\u00e0, resistenza superficiale, assenza di cavillature e comportamento dei giunti dipendono anche da calcestruzzo, armatura, fibre, vibrazione, stagionatura, taglio dei giunti e qualit\u00e0 della frattazzatura.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Il principio di funzionamento durante il getto<\/h2><p>Prima dell\u2019arrivo del calcestruzzo, il topografo o l\u2019operatore definisce la quota di riferimento. Il trasmettitore laser viene posizionato su un punto stabile, fuori dall\u2019area soggetta a urti, vibrazioni o passaggi continui. Il dispositivo genera un piano laser orizzontale, oppure un piano inclinato quando il progetto prevede pendenze. Su lavori complessi, una soluzione con controllo tridimensionale pu\u00f2 seguire un modello digitale e quote variabili.<\/p><p>La staggia laser entra nel calcestruzzo fresco con una testa di lavoro composta, secondo il modello, da coclea di distribuzione, vomere, lama vibrante o stenditrice. La coclea sposta il materiale nelle zone basse, il sistema di vibrazione favorisce la compattazione superficiale e la lama taglia l\u2019eccesso portando il calcestruzzo alla quota corretta. I ricevitori laser leggono continuamente la distanza dal piano di riferimento.<\/p><p>Quando i sensori rilevano che la testa \u00e8 troppo alta rispetto alla quota impostata, la centralina fa abbassare l\u2019elemento di stesa. Se la testa \u00e8 troppo bassa, l\u2019impianto idraulico la solleva. La correzione \u00e8 rapida e continua, ma non pu\u00f2 compensare grandi errori di alimentazione: l\u2019addetto al calcestruzzo deve fornire una quantit\u00e0 uniforme davanti alla macchina, evitando cumuli e carenze eccessive.<\/p><p>Terminato il passaggio della macchina, la superficie viene controllata con strumenti di misura adeguati al capitolato. Seguono bull float, frattazzatura meccanica, eventuale spolvero indurente, taglio dei giunti e cura del calcestruzzo. La staggia laser ottimizza il getto iniziale; non elimina la necessit\u00e0 di una sequenza di finitura organizzata.<\/p><table><caption>Componenti essenziali della staggia laser e loro funzione operativa<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Funzione<\/th><th>Effetto sul getto<\/th><th>Controllo consigliato<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Trasmettitore laser rotante<\/td><td>Genera il piano di riferimento altimetrico<\/td><td>Definisce la quota della pavimentazione<\/td><td>Verificare stabilit\u00e0, livellamento e batterie<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ricevitori laser<\/td><td>Leggono la posizione rispetto al piano laser<\/td><td>Forniscono dati continui alla centralina<\/td><td>Pulire le finestre e controllare la taratura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Centralina elettronica<\/td><td>Elabora i segnali ricevuti<\/td><td>Comanda la correzione automatica della quota<\/td><td>Testare modalit\u00e0 manuale e automatica<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Impianto idraulico<\/td><td>Muove braccio, testa e cilindri di sollevamento<\/td><td>Permette correzioni rapide e progressive<\/td><td>Ispezionare tubi, raccordi e livello dell\u2019olio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coclea di distribuzione<\/td><td>Ripartisce il calcestruzzo davanti alla lama<\/td><td>Riduce vuoti e accumuli locali<\/td><td>Controllare usura e presenza di materiale indurito<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Testa vibrante o lama<\/td><td>Compatta e taglia il calcestruzzo fresco<\/td><td>Forma il primo profilo della superficie<\/td><td>Verificare rettilineit\u00e0, vibrazione e pulizia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Motore e telaio<\/td><td>Forniscono potenza e stabilit\u00e0 alla macchina<\/td><td>Determinano autonomia e regolarit\u00e0 di marcia<\/td><td>Seguire il piano di manutenzione del costruttore<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La tabella mostra perch\u00e9 la precisione non dipende da un solo elemento. Un laser accurato non basta se la lama \u00e8 usurata, se i cilindri idraulici reagiscono con ritardo o se l\u2019operatore lascia materiale insufficiente davanti alla coclea. Per questo le verifiche giornaliere devono comprendere sia l\u2019elettronica sia le parti meccaniche esposte al calcestruzzo.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tipologie di staggia laser disponibili<\/h2><p>La configurazione corretta dipende dalla superficie giornaliera, dalla presenza di pilastri, dagli accessi, dalle pendenze e dal livello di tolleranza richiesto. Non esiste una macchina universalmente migliore: una soluzione sovradimensionata pu\u00f2 essere costosa e difficile da movimentare, mentre una macchina troppo piccola pu\u00f2 rallentare il getto e aumentare il rischio di riprese.<\/p><table><caption>Confronto tra le principali configurazioni per pavimenti in calcestruzzo<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Tipologia<\/th><th>Configurazione<\/th><th>Ambito consigliato<\/th><th>Vantaggio principale<\/th><th>Limite da valutare<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Compatta a spinta<\/td><td>Condotta da terra, larghezza contenuta<\/td><td>Autorimesse, locali tecnici, aree ristrette<\/td><td>Facile accesso attraverso aperture limitate<\/td><td>Produttivit\u00e0 inferiore sulle grandi superfici<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Semovente compatta<\/td><td>Macchina con operatore a bordo<\/td><td>Capannoni piccoli e medi, ristrutturazioni<\/td><td>Buon equilibrio tra mobilit\u00e0 e resa<\/td><td>Richiede spazio per manovre e carico<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A braccio telescopico<\/td><td>Testa montata su braccio estensibile<\/td><td>Logistica, magazzini e grandi capannoni<\/td><td>Ampia copertura senza entrare su tutto il getto<\/td><td>Investimento e trasporto pi\u00f9 impegnativi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A quattro ruote motrici<\/td><td>Telaio robusto per sottofondi impegnativi<\/td><td>Piazzali, terminal e infrastrutture<\/td><td>Maggiore trazione e stabilit\u00e0 operativa<\/td><td>Verificare portanza del sottofondo preparato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Con controllo tridimensionale<\/td><td>Sensori e dati di progetto digitali<\/td><td>Rampe, pendenze, piazzali complessi<\/td><td>Gestisce geometrie non perfettamente piane<\/td><td>Richiede rilievo e personale qualificato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Per calcestruzzo a basse emissioni<\/td><td>Regolazioni adatte a miscele specifiche<\/td><td>Progetti con leganti alternativi o riciclati<\/td><td>Favorisce ripetibilit\u00e0 con reologie controllate<\/td><td>Necessita di prove preliminari in cantiere<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Le macchine compatte sono utili quando il cantiere \u00e8 in centro citt\u00e0, per esempio nelle riqualificazioni di Torino, Firenze o Napoli, dove accessi e spazi di stoccaggio sono limitati. Le staggie a braccio diventano pi\u00f9 vantaggiose quando le gettate sono estese e l\u2019obiettivo \u00e8 mantenere una produzione costante, riducendo il personale impegnato nella stesa manuale.<\/p><p>Per rampe, aree di carico e piazzali con drenaggio, occorre chiarire se serve una pendenza semplice, doppia o variabile. Un normale piano laser orizzontale non risolve da solo un progetto con quote complesse. In tali situazioni, il controllo tridimensionale e un rilievo iniziale affidabile possono evitare costose correzioni dopo l\u2019indurimento.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Come scegliere la macchina prima dell\u2019acquisto o del noleggio<\/h2><p>La decisione non dovrebbe basarsi solo sul prezzo della macchina. Il costo reale comprende trasporto verso il cantiere, formazione, consumi, manutenzione, ricambi, tempi di fermo, disponibilit\u00e0 di tecnici e compatibilit\u00e0 con il proprio metodo di lavoro. Un\u2019impresa che esegue poche gettate all\u2019anno pu\u00f2 preferire il noleggio con operatore specializzato; un\u2019appaltatore di pavimenti industriali con programmi continui pu\u00f2 giustificare l\u2019acquisto.<\/p><p>Il primo dato da raccogliere \u00e8 la superficie media di getto per turno. Il secondo \u00e8 la quantit\u00e0 di calcestruzzo che la centrale pu\u00f2 consegnare in modo costante. Una macchina veloce non produce vantaggi se le autobetoniere arrivano con ritardi o se il calcestruzzo varia troppo in consistenza. Occorre poi verificare l\u2019accesso per camion, gru, carrelli e rampe, oltre alla distanza tra pilastri e ai vincoli di altezza.<\/p><table><caption>Checklist pratica per valutare una staggia laser in Italia<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Voce di verifica<\/th><th>Domanda da porre<\/th><th>Rischio se trascurata<\/th><th>Azione pratica<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Superficie giornaliera<\/td><td>Quanti metri quadrati vengono gettati per turno?<\/td><td>Macchina troppo lenta o inutilmente grande<\/td><td>Confrontare resa reale e programma di getto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quota progettuale<\/td><td>Il pavimento \u00e8 piano, inclinato o a quote variabili?<\/td><td>Errori di drenaggio e fuori quota<\/td><td>Definire il sistema laser o tridimensionale idoneo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Accessi al sito<\/td><td>La macchina passa da portoni, rampe e corridoi?<\/td><td>Fermi e costi di movimentazione imprevisti<\/td><td>Misurare larghezze, altezze e portate<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calcestruzzo<\/td><td>La miscela mantiene lavorabilit\u00e0 costante?<\/td><td>Finitura disomogenea e difficolt\u00e0 di stesa<\/td><td>Eseguire un getto prova con la centrale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assistenza<\/td><td>Chi interviene in Italia in caso di guasto?<\/td><td>Perdita di una giornata critica di getto<\/td><td>Richiedere tempi, ricambi e contatti scritti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Formazione<\/td><td>Il fornitore addestra operatori e manutentori?<\/td><td>Uso scorretto e prestazioni inferiori<\/td><td>Inserire formazione nel contratto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conformit\u00e0<\/td><td>La documentazione \u00e8 adatta al mercato europeo?<\/td><td>Problemi di sicurezza e accettazione in cantiere<\/td><td>Verificare marcatura CE e manuali in italiano<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Questa checklist consente di confrontare preventivi diversi su basi concrete. \u00c8 consigliabile chiedere una dimostrazione con calcestruzzo simile a quello utilizzato abitualmente, non soltanto una prova a vuoto. Durante il test devono essere valutati la facilit\u00e0 di taratura, la risposta dell\u2019impianto idraulico, la qualit\u00e0 della distribuzione e l\u2019accessibilit\u00e0 dei punti di manutenzione.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Settori e applicazioni pi\u00f9 adatti<\/h2><p>Le staggie laser trovano applicazione soprattutto nelle superfici dove quota e velocit\u00e0 di esecuzione incidono sul valore dell\u2019opera. Nei magazzini automatizzati, una soletta regolare aiuta a gestire carrelli trilaterali e sistemi di movimentazione. Nelle fabbriche meccaniche, alimentari e farmaceutiche, facilita l\u2019installazione di macchinari e il mantenimento delle condizioni igieniche. Nei centri commerciali e parcheggi multipiano, riduce la necessit\u00e0 di correzioni locali prima della posa di rivestimenti o resine.<\/p><p>Nei piazzali aeroportuali, nelle aree intermodali e nelle infrastrutture, la macchina deve essere scelta anche in funzione delle condizioni del sottofondo, della larghezza delle corsie e della geometria del progetto. Per piste, terminal e raccordi stradali, sono essenziali il coordinamento con la direzione lavori, l\u2019organizzazione del traffico di cantiere e i controlli di qualit\u00e0 del calcestruzzo.<\/p><ul><li>Magazzini logistici e centri di distribuzione.<\/li><li>Capannoni industriali e impianti produttivi.<\/li><li>Parcheggi, autosilo e autorimesse.<\/li><li>Piazzali portuali, terminal merci e depositi ferroviari.<\/li><li>Centri commerciali, edifici pubblici e strutture sanitarie.<\/li><li>Aree aeroportuali, infrastrutture viarie e grandi opere.<\/li><li>Officine, stabilimenti alimentari e piattaforme e-commerce.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Fornitori e operatori da considerare per il mercato italiano<\/h2><p>La disponibilit\u00e0 effettiva di modelli, tecnici e ricambi varia per regione e deve essere confermata prima dell\u2019ordine. La seguente selezione include produttori di staggie laser e aziende che forniscono sistemi di controllo o attrezzature complementari utili ai pavimenti industriali italiani. Per progetti a Milano, Brescia, Verona, Bologna, Modena, Roma, Bari o Catania, \u00e8 utile verificare tempi di consegna presso il rivenditore o il centro tecnico pi\u00f9 vicino.<\/p><table><caption>Operatori rilevanti per staggie laser, controllo quota e getti industriali<\/caption><thead><tr><th>Azienda<\/th><th>Regione di servizio<\/th><th>Punto di forza<\/th><th>Offerta rilevante<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse<\/td><td>Italia tramite rete europea e supporto internazionale<\/td><td>Gamma di macchine compatte, semoventi e a braccio<\/td><td>Staggie laser, frattazzatrici, tagliagiunti e materiali per pavimenti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero<\/td><td>Europa e progetti internazionali<\/td><td>Specializzazione storica nelle macchine per pavimentazioni di grande estensione<\/td><td>Staggie laser per superfici industriali e soluzioni per alta produttivit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine International<\/td><td>Mercati internazionali tramite distribuzione<\/td><td>Macchine compatte dedicate a getti di precisione<\/td><td>Staggie laser semoventi e configurazioni per cantieri medi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen Engineering<\/td><td>Europa tramite rivenditori e importatori<\/td><td>Esperienza in attrezzature per finitura del calcestruzzo<\/td><td>Macchine per stesa, vibrazione e frattazzatura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Topcon Positioning Italy<\/td><td>Italia, con presenza commerciale e tecnica nazionale<\/td><td>Strumentazione per rilievo e controllo digitale della quota<\/td><td>Laser rotanti, ricevitori, sistemi di guida e rilievo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leica Geosystems Italia<\/td><td>Italia e rete professionale di distribuzione<\/td><td>Misurazione, tracciamento e controllo altimetrico<\/td><td>Laser da cantiere, strumenti topografici e soluzioni digitali<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CIFA<\/td><td>Italia e mercati internazionali<\/td><td>Conoscenza del ciclo di pompaggio e movimentazione del calcestruzzo<\/td><td>Pompe e attrezzature complementari alla logistica del getto<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La tabella non implica che ogni azienda disponga dello stesso modello o dello stesso livello di assistenza in ogni provincia. Somero, Ligchine, Allen Engineering e Vanse sono riferimenti da analizzare per la macchina di stesa; Topcon Positioning Italy e Leica Geosystems Italia sono particolarmente importanti quando il progetto richiede un laser rotante affidabile, un controllo delle quote o un flusso di rilievo pi\u00f9 evoluto. CIFA pu\u00f2 essere utile per coordinare la catena di alimentazione del calcestruzzo, ma non va considerata automaticamente un produttore di staggie laser.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Esperienza operativa di Vanse per i cantieri italiani<\/h2><p>Vanse \u00e8 un produttore fondato nel 2013 a Jining, in Cina, con esperienza di esportazione in oltre 80 Paesi, inclusa l\u2019Italia, e una proposta concreta per imprese di pavimentazione, distributori e societ\u00e0 di noleggio. Le sue staggie laser a spinta, semoventi e a braccio combinano controllo laser, sistemi idraulici, motori affidabili, componenti resistenti all\u2019usura e progettazione orientata alla manutenzione; la produzione \u00e8 supportata da certificazioni ISO 9001 e CE, oltre 50 brevetti d\u2019invenzione e pi\u00f9 di 200 brevetti di modello di utilit\u00e0 e design. Per il mercato italiano, Vanse serve utilizzatori finali, rivenditori, concessionari, proprietari di marchio e acquirenti individuali con vendita diretta, fornitura all\u2019ingrosso, produzione OEM\/ODM, personalizzazione del marchio, configurazioni di motore e tensione, partnership distributive territoriali e collaborazione tecnica di lungo periodo. L\u2019azienda opera con filiali estere nel Sud-est asiatico e in Canada e con una rete di concessionari che copre l\u2019Europa, inclusa l\u2019Italia; questa struttura, unita a tecnici, ingegneri e specialisti post-vendita, consente consulenza online, diagnosi remota, formazione video, fornitura ricambi e supporto tecnico coordinato con i partner regionali. Vanse propone soluzioni EPC, chiavi in mano e per impianti di propriet\u00e0 del cliente, non modelli BOO n\u00e9 fornitura sfusa in cantiere, offrendo quindi un percorso definito dalla scelta della macchina alla messa in servizio. Per approfondire la gamma \u00e8 possibile consultare le <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">staggie laser per calcestruzzo<\/a>, le <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">macchine semoventi per la stesa<\/a> e i servizi di <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">assistenza tecnica specializzata<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Scenari tecnici esemplificativi in Italia<\/h2><p>In un nuovo centro logistico nell\u2019area di Verona, una staggia laser a braccio pu\u00f2 lavorare su campiture ampie tra file di pilastri, mantenendo una quota costante mentre una squadra separata prepara i giunti e la finitura. Il vantaggio operativo \u00e8 la riduzione dei controlli manuali ripetitivi, purch\u00e9 la consegna del calcestruzzo sia programmata con una portata adeguata.<\/p><p>In un\u2019autorimessa sotterranea a Milano, una macchina compatta pu\u00f2 essere pi\u00f9 adatta per l\u2019accesso attraverso rampe e aperture limitate. In questo caso la priorit\u00e0 non \u00e8 la massima copertura oraria, ma la possibilit\u00e0 di lavorare con precisione vicino a muri, colonne e impianti gi\u00e0 installati.<\/p><p>In un piazzale di carico vicino al porto di Ravenna, un sistema con controllo tridimensionale pu\u00f2 essere valutato per realizzare pendenze verso le linee di drenaggio. Prima della produzione \u00e8 opportuno eseguire una prova su una fascia campione, verificando risposta del calcestruzzo, velocit\u00e0 di avanzamento e risultato della finitura.<\/p><p>In uno stabilimento alimentare dell\u2019Emilia-Romagna, il piano di getto pu\u00f2 prevedere una superficie destinata a rivestimento resinoso. Qui la staggia laser aiuta a limitare dislivelli iniziali, ma il responsabile deve coordinare con precisione umidit\u00e0 residua, maturazione, preparazione meccanica e requisiti del rivestimento finale.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Procedura consigliata per un getto ben organizzato<\/h2><p>Una procedura efficace inizia almeno alcuni giorni prima del getto. Il sottofondo deve essere compattato e verificato; le quote di casseforme, guide, pozzetti e inserti devono essere definite; l\u2019armatura o le fibre devono seguire il progetto. Il responsabile stabilisce quindi la dimensione delle campiture, il percorso delle betoniere, il posizionamento della pompa o della benna e l\u2019ordine dei passaggi di stesa.<\/p><p>All\u2019avvio, il trasmettitore laser viene controllato su un punto noto. La macchina deve essere pulita e tarata, con carburante, olio idraulico e batterie sufficienti. L\u2019operatore effettua un test dei ricevitori e della salita-discesa automatica. Il calcestruzzo viene scaricato in modo uniforme, evitando di sovraccaricare la testa della macchina.<\/p><p>Durante la stesa, una squadra osserva la distribuzione del materiale, una controlla i bordi e le zone attorno a pilastri o inserti, mentre il responsabile verifica il ritmo di alimentazione. Dopo il passaggio della staggia laser, la superficie non deve essere calpestata o disturbata inutilmente. La finitura deve iniziare al momento corretto in base a temperatura, umidit\u00e0, vento e comportamento della miscela.<\/p><p>Al termine, pulizia e manutenzione sono fondamentali. Il calcestruzzo indurito su coclee, lame e snodi riduce la qualit\u00e0 della stesa e aumenta le ore necessarie prima del getto successivo. Un registro di manutenzione con controlli di filtri, grasso, usura e taratura protegge l\u2019investimento.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tendenze previste per il 2026<\/h2><p>Nel 2026 il mercato delle pavimentazioni industriali in Italia sar\u00e0 influenzato da digitalizzazione, riduzione delle emissioni e maggiore tracciabilit\u00e0 del cantiere. I progetti logistici continuano a richiedere pavimenti con tolleranze pi\u00f9 severe, soprattutto dove operano veicoli a guida automatica e scaffalature ad alta densit\u00e0. Di conseguenza, crescer\u00e0 l\u2019uso di sensori, raccolta dati di quota e controlli tridimensionali integrati con rilievi digitali.<\/p><p>La sostenibilit\u00e0 riguarder\u00e0 non soltanto il consumo di carburante della macchina, ma anche la qualit\u00e0 dell\u2019intero getto. Calcestruzzi con aggiunte minerali, leganti a minore impronta climatica, aggregati riciclati e fibre sintetiche o d\u2019acciaio richiedono prove preliminari perch\u00e9 possono modificare pompabilit\u00e0, lavorabilit\u00e0 e tempi di finitura. Una staggia laser ben regolata aiuta a limitare rilavorazioni e sprechi di materiale.<\/p><p>Le imprese italiane dovranno inoltre prestare maggiore attenzione a sicurezza, documentazione della macchina, manutenzione preventiva e formazione degli operatori. I requisiti ambientali degli appalti e i criteri di sostenibilit\u00e0 applicati a molti interventi pubblici aumentano il valore di attrezzature durabili, riparabili e supportate da ricambi. Un fornitore con manuali chiari, assistenza remota e rete tecnica affidabile pu\u00f2 fare una differenza concreta rispetto a un acquisto basato solo sul prezzo iniziale.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Domande frequenti<\/h2><h3>La staggia laser sostituisce completamente la finitura manuale?<\/h3><p>No. La macchina stende e porta il calcestruzzo vicino alla quota definita, ma bordi, dettagli, frattazzatura, taglio dei giunti e stagionatura richiedono ancora personale qualificato e attrezzature specifiche.<\/p><h3>Quale precisione pu\u00f2 ottenere una staggia laser?<\/h3><p>In condizioni corrette, alcune macchine possono lavorare con controllo della quota dell\u2019ordine dei millimetri. La precisione finale del pavimento dipende per\u00f2 da taratura, supporto, calcestruzzo, operatore, finitura e metodo di collaudo indicato nel progetto.<\/p><h3>Serve un laser diverso per ogni getto?<\/h3><p>Non necessariamente. Un trasmettitore laser pu\u00f2 servire pi\u00f9 getti se \u00e8 adeguato alla geometria e alle dimensioni dell\u2019area. Deve per\u00f2 essere verificato e posizionato in modo sicuro a ogni avvio di lavoro.<\/p><h3>\u00c8 possibile lavorare con pendenze?<\/h3><p>S\u00ec. Per pendenze semplici \u00e8 possibile usare un riferimento laser inclinato; per superfici con quote variabili, rampe o drenaggi complessi \u00e8 preferibile valutare una soluzione con controllo tridimensionale e rilievo professionale.<\/p><h3>Conviene acquistare o noleggiare?<\/h3><p>Il noleggio pu\u00f2 essere indicato per lavori occasionali o per testare una tecnologia. L\u2019acquisto \u00e8 pi\u00f9 interessante per imprese che eseguono numerosi getti industriali e dispongono di personale formato per utilizzo e manutenzione.<\/p><h3>Quali servizi devono essere inclusi dal fornitore?<\/h3><p>\u00c8 consigliabile richiedere messa in servizio, formazione operatore, documentazione in italiano, disponibilit\u00e0 dei ricambi, supporto telefonico e video, tempi di risposta in caso di fermo e istruzioni per manutenzione e taratura. Per una valutazione completa dei servizi disponibili, \u00e8 utile consultare il <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">supporto per macchine da calcestruzzo<\/a> e il sito <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse per attrezzature di pavimentazione<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","ru-title":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440","ru-meta":"\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u044b \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435.","ru-content":"<article><h1>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h1><section><h2>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/h2><p>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430: \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443. \u0428\u043d\u0435\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435 \u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e: \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435<\/h2><p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b, \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e, \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0425\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043a, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430, \u0428\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0440, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0451\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0451\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0451\u0441\u0430, \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439.<\/p><p>\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441: \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0442\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0448\u043d\u0443\u0440, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435, \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/h2><p>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a, \u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/th><th>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0439<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430<\/td><td>\u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0428\u043d\u0435\u043a<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0423\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u044b\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/td><td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443. \u0420\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c<\/h2><p>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0451\u0432, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443: \u043e\u043d \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043b\u0443\u0447 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435. \u041d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439.<\/p><p>\u0411\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0428\u043d\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443; \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u2014 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0451. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0435, \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u042d\u0442\u0430\u043f<\/th><th>\u0414\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b<\/th><th>\u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/th><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435<\/td><td>\u041d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438<\/td><td>\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c<\/td><td>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/td><td>\u0428\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td><td>\u0414\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0436\u0451\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0451\u043c\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0424\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443, \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0451\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0421\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438\u00bb: \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f, \u0432\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0412\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/h2><p>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/th><th>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0451\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0451\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c<\/td><td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c<\/td><td>\u041b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435<\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0441 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0438\u043f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430: \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e 2 000 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0451\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e 5 000 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/h2><p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b. \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043f, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u2014 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0414\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0420\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0428\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439<\/td><td>\u0425\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441<\/td><td>\u0421\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0414\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0413\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0451\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u044b\u043b\u044c, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0423\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0422\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2><p>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u00ab\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u00bb \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0443 \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b, \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044c<\/th><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/th><th>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0426\u0435\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/td><td>\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0448\u0432\u0430\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0413\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441<\/td><td>\u0411\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0410\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440<\/td><td>\u0417\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043b, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439: \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/h2><p>\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u00ab\u0410\u00bb \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0435 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0451\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u2014 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443. \u041e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h2><p>\u041d\u0430 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0451\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0451\u043c \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0435, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b<\/th><th>\u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u0428\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d, \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 80 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0451\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041b\u0438\u0433\u0447\u0438\u043d<\/td><td>\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0430\u043a\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u041d\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043e\u043d<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0412\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0425\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0448\u043d<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0451\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0443\u043d<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0424\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0428\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0444\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430: \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h2><p>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">\u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/a>, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0448\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p><p>\u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0418\u0421\u041e 9001 \u0438 \u0421\u0415, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 50 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 200 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044c\u044e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 80 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0430 \u0435\u0451 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u042e\u0433\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437 100 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0451\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d- \u0438 \u043e\u0444\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0443<\/a> \u0438 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443<\/a>. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u00bb \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/a>. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430<\/h2><p>\u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f.<\/p><p>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0451\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p><p>\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0413\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0445\u0443\u0434\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442. \u0420\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430: \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445<\/h2><p>\u0412 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f. \u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u044e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><p>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0451\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0443, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.<\/p><p>\u0427\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u0414\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430.<\/p><p>\u041f\u044f\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/h2><h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434?<\/h3><p>\u041d\u0435\u0442. \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d, \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c.<\/p><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c?<\/h3><p>\u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435. \u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u0430. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043c.<\/p><h3>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f?<\/h3><p>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0445\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438?<\/h3><p>\u041e\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0421\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442, \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b.<\/p><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435?<\/h3><p>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0436\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d.<\/p><h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442. \u041d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0439?<\/h3><p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0451\u0436 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0418\u0442\u043e\u0433<\/h2><p>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0451\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p><\/section><\/article>","tr-title":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Lazerli Beton Serme Makinesi Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?","tr-meta":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de lazerli beton serme makinesi nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r? Lazer referans\u0131, al\u0131c\u0131, hidrolik mastar ve beton d\u00f6\u015feme ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131; se\u00e7im, kullan\u0131m ve servis ipu\u00e7lar\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenin.","tr-content":"<h1>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Lazerli Beton Serme Makinesi Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h1><h2>K\u0131sa Yan\u0131t<\/h2><p>Lazerli beton serme makinesi, \u015fantiyeye kurulan d\u00f6ner lazer vericisinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kot bilgisini makine \u00fczerindeki al\u0131c\u0131yla s\u00fcrekli kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 hedef kotun \u00fcst\u00fcnde veya alt\u0131nda bir de\u011fer alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kontrol \u00fcnitesi hidrolik sistemi devreye al\u0131r; serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, mastar b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 veya helezon uygun y\u00f6nde ve miktarda hareket eder. B\u00f6ylece taze beton belirlenen seviyeye yay\u0131l\u0131r, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve mastarlan\u0131r. Bu sistem, \u00f6zellikle geni\u015f sanayi zeminlerinde manuel ip, mastar ve nivo kontrollerine g\u00f6re daha tutarl\u0131 kot, daha az i\u015f\u00e7ilik ve daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ilerleme sa\u011flar.<\/p><p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Gebze, \u00c7erkezk\u00f6y, Bursa, \u0130zmir, Ankara, Konya, Gaziantep, Adana ve Mersin\u2019deki fabrika, depo, lojistik merkezi ve liman sahas\u0131 projelerinde do\u011fru makine se\u00e7imi; d\u00f6\u015feme alan\u0131, beton re\u00e7etesi, derz plan\u0131, g\u00fcnl\u00fck metraj ve servis eri\u015fimine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yerel servis a\u011f\u0131 bulunan tedarik\u00e7iler \u00f6ncelikli de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bunun yan\u0131nda CE ve kalite belgelerine sahip, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye teknik e\u011fitim ve yedek par\u00e7a deste\u011fi sunabilen \u00c7inli uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcreticiler de fiyat-performans avantajlar\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir se\u00e7enek olabilir.<\/p><h2>Lazerli Beton Serme Teknolojisinin \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h2><p>Lazer kontroll\u00fc beton serme sistemi, zeminin proje kotuna yak\u0131n \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Alt temel, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, donat\u0131, buhar kesici \u00f6rt\u00fc, ankrajlar ve derz detaylar\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra lazer vericisi zeminin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda titre\u015fimden etkilenmeyecek bir noktaya kurulur. Verici, proje kotuna g\u00f6re ayarlanm\u0131\u015f yatay bir lazer d\u00fczlemi olu\u015fturur. B\u00fcy\u00fck sahalarda e\u011fimli d\u00f6\u015feme, drenaj y\u00f6n\u00fc veya karma\u015f\u0131k geometri gerekti\u011finde \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu kontrol \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc de kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p><p>Makinenin dire\u011fi \u00fczerinde bulunan lazer al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, vericiden yay\u0131lan lazer d\u00fczlemini tarar. Al\u0131c\u0131 merkez \u00e7izgisi referans kotla e\u015fle\u015fti\u011finde sistem do\u011fru seviyede oldu\u011funu kabul eder. Al\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7izgisi lazer d\u00fczleminin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karsa makinenin serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fazla y\u00fcksek; alt\u0131na inerse fazla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Elektronik kontrol \u00fcnitesi bu fark\u0131 milimetre hassasiyetinde de\u011ferlendirir ve hidrolik silindirleri komuta eder. Sonu\u00e7ta serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hedef kotu takip ederken beton y\u00fczeyi d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p><p>Makinenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki helezonlar beton y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 enine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r. Titre\u015fimli mastar b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 veya serme kiri\u015fi, agregay\u0131 yerle\u015ftirir ve y\u00fczeyi d\u00fczeltir. Baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck modellerde d\u00f6ner serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yar\u0131\u00e7ap\u0131nda hareket edebilir. Operat\u00f6r, beton pompas\u0131 veya transmikserden gelen malzemeyi izler; makinenin ilerleme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131, vibrasyonunu, b\u0131\u00e7ak konumunu ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hatt\u0131n\u0131 betonun k\u0131vam\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlar. Bu nedenle lazer sistemi tek ba\u015f\u0131na kaliteli zemin garantisi de\u011fildir; operat\u00f6r becerisi, beton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131, kal\u0131p ve k\u00fcrleme disiplini de ayn\u0131 derecede \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p><h2>Sistemin Ana Bile\u015fenleri<\/h2><p>Bir lazerli beton serme makinesinin performans\u0131 yaln\u0131zca ana g\u00f6vdesine ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Lazer vericisi, al\u0131c\u0131, kontrol \u00fcnitesi, hidrolik devre, titre\u015fimli serme eleman\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f sistemi birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bile\u015fenlerin i\u015flevlerini anlamak, sat\u0131n alma s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fru teknik \u015fartname olu\u015fturmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Bile\u015fen<\/th><th>G\u00f6revi<\/th><th>Kaliteyi Etkileyen Nokta<\/th><th>\u015eantiyedeki Kontrol Y\u00f6ntemi<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D\u00f6ner lazer vericisi<\/td><td>Referans kot d\u00fczlemini olu\u015fturur.<\/td><td>Titre\u015fim dayan\u0131m\u0131, menzil ve otomatik dengeleme.<\/td><td>Kurulumdan sonra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131yla kot do\u011frulamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lazer al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131<\/td><td>Makinenin kot fark\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lar.<\/td><td>Alg\u0131lama hassasiyeti ve g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda okunabilirlik.<\/td><td>Al\u0131c\u0131 merkezinin proje kotuna g\u00f6re kalibre edilmesi gerekir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kontrol \u00fcnitesi<\/td><td>Al\u0131c\u0131 verisini hidrolik komuta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/td><td>Tepki h\u0131z\u0131, kararl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve hata bildirimi.<\/td><td>Yukar\u0131-a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kot denemeleriyle tepki kontrol edilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hidrolik silindirler<\/td><td>Serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dire\u011fi hareket ettirir.<\/td><td>S\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k, bas\u0131n\u00e7 dengesi ve hassas hareket.<\/td><td>Ya\u011f ka\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, gecikme ve titre\u015fim alt\u0131nda hareket incelenir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Helezon sistemi<\/td><td>Taze betonu enine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r.<\/td><td>A\u015f\u0131nma direnci ve ayarlanabilir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f h\u0131z\u0131.<\/td><td>Beton y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve segregasyon olu\u015fumu g\u00f6zlenir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Titre\u015fimli mastar<\/td><td>Betonu yerle\u015ftirir, d\u00fczeltir ve y\u00fczeyi haz\u0131rlar.<\/td><td>B\u0131\u00e7ak rijitli\u011fi, titre\u015fim kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131nma direnci.<\/td><td>Y\u00fczeyde dalga, bo\u015fluk veya fazla har\u00e7 kontrol edilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f sistemi<\/td><td>Makinenin saha i\u00e7inde ilerlemesini sa\u011flar.<\/td><td>\u00c7eki\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hassasiyeti ve zemin bas\u0131nc\u0131.<\/td><td>Donat\u0131, \u00f6rt\u00fc ve taze beton \u00fczerinde iz b\u0131rakma incelenir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcnitesi<\/td><td>Hidrolik, vibrasyon ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in enerji \u00fcretir.<\/td><td>Yak\u0131t verimi, s\u0131cakl\u0131k kontrol\u00fc ve bak\u0131m eri\u015fimi.<\/td><td>Y\u00fck alt\u0131nda devir kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k takip edilir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Bu bile\u015fenlerin her biri, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek toleransl\u0131 depo ve \u00fcretim zeminlerinde sonu\u00e7 \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan etkilidir. Lazer vericisi do\u011fru kurulmu\u015f olsa bile mastar b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, hidrolik gecikmeli veya beton k\u0131vam\u0131 uygunsuzsa istenen d\u00fczl\u00fck de\u011feri yakalanamaz. Bu nedenle makine teslimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca bo\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma de\u011fil, ger\u00e7ek beton \u00fczerinde deneme d\u00f6\u015femesi de talep edilmelidir.<\/p><h2>Beton Serme S\u00fcreci Nas\u0131l \u0130lerler?<\/h2><p>\u0130yi bir uygulama, \u015fantiye haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirici uygulamas\u0131na kadar birbirini takip eden disiplinli ad\u0131mlardan olu\u015fur. Lazerli makine d\u00f6\u015feme a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r; ancak \u00f6ncesindeki haz\u0131rl\u0131klar eksikse d\u00fcz y\u00fczey yerine sadece h\u0131zl\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kusurlu bir y\u00fczey elde edilir.<\/p><h3>Alt temel ve proje kotunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131<\/h3><p>\u00d6nce alt temel ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi, s\u0131k\u0131\u015fma oran\u0131 ve kotlar\u0131 kontrol edilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de end\u00fcstriyel tesis zeminlerinde zay\u0131f alt temel, derz a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve diferansiyel oturma riski olu\u015fturabilir. \u00d6zellikle liman gerisi depolama alanlar\u0131nda, Kocaeli ve \u0130zmir \u00e7evresindeki dolgu sahalar\u0131nda veya a\u011f\u0131r raf y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131yan lojistik depolarda jeoteknik de\u011ferlendirme kritik \u00f6nemdedir. Lazerli serme makinesi zemini d\u00fczeltir; ancak altyap\u0131daki ta\u015f\u0131ma problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmez.<\/p><h3>Lazer referans\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131<\/h3><p>Lazer vericisi, i\u015f makinesi trafi\u011finden, pompa hortumundan ve titre\u015fimden uzak bir konuma yerle\u015ftirilir. \u0130lk referans, total istasyon veya hassas nivelman \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcyle proje kotuna ba\u011flan\u0131r. Geni\u015f alanlarda vericinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f hatt\u0131, kolonlar, \u00e7elik konstr\u00fcksiyon, ge\u00e7ici perdeler ve yo\u011fun ekipman hareketi nedeniyle kesilmemelidir. Gerekti\u011finde saha b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve her b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in yeniden do\u011frulama yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Betonun kabul\u00fc ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131<\/h3><p>Beton pompalanmadan veya ara\u00e7tan bo\u015falt\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce k\u0131vam\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sevk irsaliyesi ve hedef dayan\u0131m s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kontrol edilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fkan beton segregasyona, \u00e7ok sert beton ise mastar sonras\u0131 dalga ve bo\u015fluklara yol a\u00e7abilir. Serme makinesi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki beton miktar\u0131 dengeli tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yetersiz besleme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bo\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131lma ise operat\u00f6r\u00fcn s\u00fcrekli geri d\u00fczeltme yapmas\u0131na neden olur.<\/p><h3>Otomatik kot d\u00fczeltme ve mastarlama<\/h3><p>Makine ilerlerken al\u0131c\u0131 lazer d\u00fczleminden konum bilgisi al\u0131r. Kontrol sistemi kot fark\u0131n\u0131 hidrolik silindirlere aktar\u0131r. Helezon betonun \u00f6n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapar, titre\u015fimli mastar b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 taze betonu hedef d\u00fczeye getirir. Operat\u00f6r, \u00f6zellikle kolon dipleri, kap\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fleri, drenaj kanallar\u0131 ve derz detaylar\u0131nda otomatik sistemin yan\u0131nda elle y\u00f6nlendirme de kullanabilir.<\/p><h3>Y\u00fczey bitirme ve k\u00fcrleme<\/h3><p>Mastar sonras\u0131 y\u00fczey, betonun priz geli\u015fimine g\u00f6re perdah makinesiyle i\u015flenir. Metalik veya mineral y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirici kullan\u0131lacaksa do\u011fru zamanda homojen bi\u00e7imde serpilmelidir. \u00c7ok erken uygulama malzemenin betona g\u00f6m\u00fclmesine, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 uygulama ise aderans sorunlar\u0131na sebep olabilir. Son a\u015famada k\u00fcr malzemesi, \u00f6rt\u00fc veya kontroll\u00fc k\u00fcrleme y\u00f6ntemi uygulan\u0131r. Lazerli serme ile elde edilen d\u00fczg\u00fcnl\u00fck, yanl\u0131\u015f k\u00fcrleme nedeniyle olu\u015fabilecek \u00e7atlak riskini tek ba\u015f\u0131na ortadan kald\u0131rmaz.<\/p><h2>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Kullan\u0131lan Lazerli Beton Serme Makinesi T\u00fcrleri<\/h2><p>Makine tipi se\u00e7ilirken sadece g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6\u015feme metraj\u0131na bakmak yeterli de\u011fildir. Kolon aral\u0131klar\u0131, eri\u015fim alan\u0131, d\u00f6\u015feme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, donat\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fu, \u015fantiye lojisti\u011fi ve beklenen d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6re se\u00e7im yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapal\u0131 alanlarda y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc modeller, geni\u015f depolarda s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc sistemler, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kesintisiz d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde ise bomlu makineler daha verimli olabilir.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Makine t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/th><th>Uygun proje \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi<\/th><th>\u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan avantaj<\/th><th>Dikkat edilmesi gereken konu<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc lazerli serme makinesi<\/td><td>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kapal\u0131 alanlar<\/td><td>Dar ge\u00e7itlerde hareket kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015fletme maliyeti.<\/td><td>Geni\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fck metrajlarda \u00fcretim h\u0131z\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalabilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc lazerli serme makinesi<\/td><td>Depo, fabrika ve lojistik merkezi zeminleri<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek verim, operat\u00f6r konforu ve daha geni\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131.<\/td><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma, giri\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve saha d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131 planlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bomlu lazerli serme makinesi<\/td><td>Geni\u015f kesintisiz end\u00fcstriyel d\u00f6k\u00fcmler<\/td><td>Uzak eri\u015fim, geni\u015f kapsama ve az say\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hatt\u0131.<\/td><td>Yat\u0131r\u0131m bedeli ve uzman operat\u00f6r ihtiyac\u0131 daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00dc\u00e7 boyutlu kontroll\u00fc sistem<\/td><td>E\u011fimli saha, drenaj ve altyap\u0131 projeleri<\/td><td>De\u011fi\u015fken kotlarda hassas profil takibi sa\u011flar.<\/td><td>Say\u0131sal proje modeli ve saha kalibrasyonu zorunludur.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rayl\u0131 mastar sistemi<\/td><td>Tekrarlayan kesitli geleneksel d\u00f6\u015femeler<\/td><td>Basit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibi ve belirli alanlarda g\u00fcvenilir sonu\u00e7.<\/td><td>Ray kurulumu i\u015f\u00e7ilik ister, geni\u015f alanlarda yava\u015f kalabilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Elle y\u00f6nlendirilen titre\u015fimli mastar<\/td><td>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tamirat ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck metrajl\u0131 i\u015fler<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m ve kolay ta\u015f\u0131ma.<\/td><td>Operat\u00f6re ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k y\u00fcksektir; kot tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tablodaki s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, yat\u0131r\u0131m karar\u0131n\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130stanbul Avrupa Yakas\u0131\u2019ndaki s\u0131k kolonlu bir ticari yap\u0131 bodrumunda s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bir makine her zaman ideal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olmayabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Manisa, Bursa, Kocaeli veya Konya\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim tesislerinde y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc model kullanmak, d\u00f6k\u00fcm s\u00fcresini uzat\u0131p i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyetini art\u0131rabilir. \u015eantiye ke\u015ffi, ger\u00e7ek makine kapasitesini belirleyen en g\u00fcvenilir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p><h2>Lazerli Beton Serme Makinesi Nerelerde Kullan\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2><p>Bu ekipmanlar y\u00fcksek d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn ve tekrar edilebilir kalitenin \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu yerlerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Raf ayak y\u00fckleri y\u00fcksek olan depolarda, otomatik ta\u015f\u0131ma sistemli lojistik merkezlerinde ve forklift trafi\u011fi yo\u011fun \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131nda y\u00fczey toleranslar\u0131 i\u015fletme maliyetini etkiler. Bozuk zeminler lastik a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, raf sistemlerinde titre\u015fimi, ta\u015f\u0131ma ekipmanlar\u0131nda enerji t\u00fcketimini ve bak\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/p><ul><li>Otomotiv, beyaz e\u015fya, g\u0131da ve savunma sanayisi \u00fcretim tesisleri<\/li><li>Rafl\u0131 depo, so\u011fuk hava deposu ve e-ticaret da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m merkezleri<\/li><li>Havaliman\u0131 apronlar\u0131, terminal sahalar\u0131 ve bak\u0131m hangarlar\u0131<\/li><li>Liman depolama alanlar\u0131, konteyner operasyon sahalar\u0131 ve y\u00fckleme b\u00f6lgeleri<\/li><li>Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezi, fuar alan\u0131, hastane ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ticari yap\u0131 zeminleri<\/li><li>Otoparklar, servis alanlar\u0131, at\u00f6lyeler ve a\u011f\u0131r ara\u00e7 bak\u0131m sahalar\u0131<\/li><li>G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi tesislerinin bak\u0131m yollar\u0131 ve altyap\u0131 betonlar\u0131<\/li><li>K\u00f6pr\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m alanlar\u0131, t\u00fcnel servis yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve altyap\u0131 platformlar\u0131<\/li><\/ul><p>Mersin Liman\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki lojistik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, \u0130zmir Alia\u011fa b\u00f6lgesindeki sanayi tesisleri, Kocaeli-Gebze hatt\u0131ndaki depolar, Tekirda\u011f-\u00c7erkezk\u00f6y \u00fcretim ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve Ankara-Sincan sanayi alanlar\u0131 lazerli beton serme teknolojisinin ekonomik fayda sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi \u00f6rnek b\u00f6lgelerdir. Ancak her proje i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeyde hassasiyet gerekli de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck trafik alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek tolerans hedeflemek, ekipman ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyetini gereksiz bi\u00e7imde y\u00fckseltebilir.<\/p><h2>Makine Se\u00e7iminde Teknik Sat\u0131n Alma Kriterleri<\/h2><p>Do\u011fru sat\u0131n alma karar\u0131, katalogdaki en y\u00fcksek kapasite rakam\u0131na g\u00f6re verilmemelidir. Beton y\u00fcklenicisi; d\u00f6\u015feme m\u00fchendisi, saha \u015fefi, mekanik bak\u0131m sorumlusu ve sat\u0131n alma ekibiyle birlikte teknik \u015fartname haz\u0131rlamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eartnamede d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe ili\u015fkin hedef, beton kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm alan\u0131, yedek par\u00e7a s\u00fcresi, operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimi ve kabul denemesi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Sat\u0131n alma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc<\/th><th>Ne sorulmal\u0131?<\/th><th>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de pratik etkisi<\/th><th>\u00d6nerilen yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>G\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fcretim kapasitesi<\/td><td>Ger\u00e7ek beton ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ka\u00e7 metrekare d\u00f6\u015fenebilir?<\/td><td>Haz\u0131r beton sevki ve gece d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc plan\u0131n\u0131 etkiler.<\/td><td>Sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi de\u011fil, proje ko\u015fuluna g\u00f6re hesaplanan kapasiteyi kullan\u0131n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kot hassasiyeti<\/td><td>Hangi ko\u015fullarda milimetre seviyesinde kontrol sa\u011flan\u0131r?<\/td><td>Rafl\u0131 depo ve otomasyonlu tesislerde kritik olabilir.<\/td><td>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmle deneme d\u00f6\u015femesi \u015fart\u0131 koyun.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Serme geni\u015fli\u011fi<\/td><td>Ba\u015fl\u0131k ve bom eri\u015fimi ne kadard\u0131r?<\/td><td>Kolon akslar\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u015feritlerini belirler.<\/td><td>Saha plan\u0131 \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faretleyin.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hidrolik ve titre\u015fim sistemi<\/td><td>Bak\u0131m periyodu, filtre tipi ve a\u015f\u0131nan par\u00e7alar nelerdir?<\/td><td>Uzak \u015fantiyelerde duru\u015f maliyeti y\u00fcksek olabilir.<\/td><td>\u0130lk y\u0131l i\u00e7in kritik sarf ve yedek par\u00e7a paketi isteyin.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Servis eri\u015fimi<\/td><td>Teknik ekip ne kadar s\u00fcrede m\u00fcdahale eder?<\/td><td>\u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya Do\u011fu Anadolu projelerinde \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r.<\/td><td>Yaz\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcdahale s\u00fcresi ve uzaktan te\u015fhis prosed\u00fcr\u00fc al\u0131n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimi<\/td><td>Kurulum, kalibrasyon ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck bak\u0131m e\u011fitimi var m\u0131?<\/td><td>Kalite do\u011frudan operat\u00f6r yeterlili\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><td>\u015eantiyede uygulamal\u0131 e\u011fitim ve teslim tutana\u011f\u0131 talep edin.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ta\u015f\u0131ma ve giri\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri<\/td><td>Makine konteynerden ve bina giri\u015finden ge\u00e7ebilir mi?<\/td><td>Liman, \u015fehir merkezi ve kapal\u0131 alan projelerinde belirleyicidir.<\/td><td>Nakliye g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 ile kap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Toplam sahip olma maliyeti<\/td><td>Yak\u0131t, bak\u0131m, sarf, e\u011fitim ve bekleme maliyeti nedir?<\/td><td>\u0130lk bedel tek ba\u015f\u0131na ger\u00e7ek maliyeti g\u00f6stermez.<\/td><td>\u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015fletme b\u00fct\u00e7esiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131n.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Bu kriterler, ithal makine de\u011ferlendirmesinde daha da \u00f6nemlidir. Mersin, \u0130zmir, \u0130stanbul Ambarl\u0131 ve Kocaeli limanlar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lacak sevkiyatlarda g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri, i\u00e7 nakliye, par\u00e7a tedariki ve devreye alma plan\u0131 teklif a\u015famas\u0131nda netle\u015ftirilmelidir. Sat\u0131n alma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde e\u011fitim, kurulum, kabul testi, garanti kapsam\u0131 ve kritik ar\u0131za durumlar\u0131nda izlenecek s\u00fcre\u00e7 ayr\u0131ca belirtilmelidir.<\/p><h2>T\u00fcrkiye Pazar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Tedarik\u00e7i Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2><p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki firmalar, lazerli serme makinesi veya beton zemin ekipman\u0131 alan\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u011ferlendirilebilecek ger\u00e7ek markalar ve tedarik\u00e7i t\u00fcrleridir. Her firman\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn kapsam\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011frudan lazerli serme makinesi sunarken baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fczey bitirme, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm, kesim veya zemin haz\u0131rlama ekipman\u0131nda tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flar. Teklif al\u0131n\u0131rken model, servis noktas\u0131 ve mevcut stok durumu mutlaka do\u011frulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Firma<\/th><th>Hizmet b\u00f6lgesi<\/th><th>Temel g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/th><th>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca sunumu<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse Machinery<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Avrupa, Asya ve Orta Do\u011fu bayi a\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden destek<\/td><td>Lazerli serme, perdah, kesim ve zemin ekipman\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn yelpazesi.<\/td><td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc, bomlu lazerli serme makineleri ve teknik destek.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>Uluslararas\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kanallar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye projeleri<\/td><td>B\u00fcy\u00fck alan beton d\u00f6\u015feme ve y\u00fcksek toleransl\u0131 zemin teknolojisinde uzmanl\u0131k.<\/td><td>Lazerli serme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri, proje odakl\u0131 ekipman se\u00e7imi ve e\u011fitim.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye genelinde bayi ve sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 destek<\/td><td>Zemin kesme, ta\u015flama, y\u00fczey haz\u0131rlama ve toz y\u00f6netiminde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn grubu.<\/td><td>Beton kesme makineleri, y\u00fczey haz\u0131rlama ve zemin bak\u0131m ekipmanlar\u0131.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bayi a\u011f\u0131 ve in\u015faat ekipman\u0131 kanallar\u0131<\/td><td>Beton s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, \u015fantiye ekipman\u0131 ve kompakt makine deneyimi.<\/td><td>Vibrasyon ekipmanlar\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcniteleri ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 \u015fantiye \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hilti T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td>\u0130stanbul, Ankara, \u0130zmir ve yayg\u0131n saha sat\u0131\u015f organizasyonu<\/td><td>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm, ankraj, kesme ve \u015fantiye teknik dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/td><td>Lazer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131, beton delme-kesme ve sabitleme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atlas Copco T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye sanayi ve in\u015faat pazar\u0131nda hizmet<\/td><td>Hava, g\u00fc\u00e7, ayd\u0131nlatma ve saha verimlili\u011fi ekipmanlar\u0131nda uzmanl\u0131k.<\/td><td>Jenerat\u00f6r, ayd\u0131nlatma, kompres\u00f6r ve \u015fantiye destek ekipmanlar\u0131.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Bu tablo, tedarik\u00e7ilerin ayn\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn grubunda do\u011frudan rakip oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin lazerli serme makinesi yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in ana ekipman \u00fcreticisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken; kesim, ta\u015flama, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm veya toz kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik farkl\u0131 bir markadan tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 ekipman al\u0131nabilir. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck depo projelerinde ana makine, perdah makinesi, derz kesim makinesi, zemin ta\u015flama ekipman\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sistemini b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak planlamak daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 verir.<\/p><h2>Vanse ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Proje Odakl\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse Makine<\/a>, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Jining\u2019de kurulan ve beton yap\u0131m ekipmanlar\u0131na odaklanan y\u00fcksek teknoloji \u00fcreticisidir; lazerli serme makineleri, perdah makineleri, ta\u015flama ve kesim ekipmanlar\u0131 ile end\u00fcstriyel zemin uygulamalar\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl yakla\u015f\u0131r. ISO 9001 ve CE belgeleri, 50\u2019den fazla bulu\u015f patenti ile 200\u2019\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki faydal\u0131 model ve tasar\u0131m patenti; \u00fcretim, do\u011frulama ve \u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftirme kapasitesinin somut g\u00f6stergeleridir. \u00dcr\u00fcnlerde g\u00fcvenilir motorlar, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hidrolik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler, a\u015f\u0131nmaya diren\u00e7li \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve uzun s\u00fcreli \u015fantiye kullan\u0131m\u0131na uygun malzemeler tercih edilir; her makine sevk \u00f6ncesinde i\u015flev, kontrol sistemi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan test edilir. Son kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, beton y\u00fcklenicileri, distrib\u00fct\u00f6rler, bayiler, marka sahipleri ve bireysel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar i\u00e7in do\u011frudan sat\u0131\u015f, toptan tedarik, perakende sat\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zg\u00fcn markal\u0131 \u00fcretim, \u00f6zel etiketleme, motor ve voltaj uyarlamas\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgesel da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7enekleri sunulur. Vanse, yaln\u0131zca uzaktan makine g\u00f6nderen bir sat\u0131c\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaz; G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve Kanada\u2019daki yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131, Avrupa-Asya-Orta Do\u011fu bayi a\u011flar\u0131 ve 80\u2019den fazla \u00fclkeye ula\u015fan proje deneyimiyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki m\u00fc\u015fterilere \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i te\u015fhis, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc teknik destek, uygulamal\u0131 operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimi, yedek par\u00e7a planlamas\u0131 ve gerekti\u011finde saha deste\u011fi sa\u011flar. \u015eirket, m\u00fc\u015fteriye ait tesisler i\u00e7in m\u00fchendislik, tedarik, kurulum ve anahtar teslim \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sunar; yap-sahip ol-i\u015flet modeli veya \u015fantiyede toplu malzeme tedariki hizmeti vermez. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de uzun vadeli i\u015f ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hedefleyen y\u00fckleniciler, <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">lazerli beton serme makinesi se\u00e7eneklerini<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc lazerli serme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini<\/a> ve <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">teknik destek kapsam\u0131n\u0131<\/a> proje verileriyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirebilir.<\/p><h2>\u00d6rnek Uygulama Senaryolar\u0131<\/h2><h3>Gebze\u2019de y\u00fcksek rafl\u0131 depo zemini<\/h3><p>Gebze\u2019deki y\u00fcksek rafl\u0131 bir depoda forklift trafi\u011fi ve dar koridor ekipmanlar\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fczey d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc operasyonel maliyeti etkiler. Bu projede s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc lazerli serme makinesi, geni\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u015feritlerinde h\u0131zl\u0131 ilerleme sa\u011flayabilir. D\u00f6k\u00fcmden \u00f6nce raf akslar\u0131, derz yerleri ve kap\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015fleri netle\u015ftirilmelidir. Beton s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile gece-g\u00fcnd\u00fcz hava fark\u0131 izlenmeli; k\u00fcrleme ve derz kesimi planlanan zamanda uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Makine, hedef kotu tuttururken kalite ekibi de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle y\u00fczey sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Bursa\u2019da otomotiv yan sanayi tesisi<\/h3><p>Otomotiv yan sanayi tesislerinde pres, robot hatt\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r ekipman temellerinin \u00e7evresindeki d\u00f6\u015femeler farkl\u0131 y\u00fck ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahiptir. Lazerli sistem, geni\u015f ana \u00fcretim alan\u0131nda d\u00fczg\u00fcn kot elde edilmesine yard\u0131m eder; ancak makine temelleri, kanal ge\u00e7i\u015fleri ve \u00f6zel ankraj b\u00f6lgeleri ayr\u0131ca detayland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00f6\u015feme ekibi, pompa kapasitesini makinenin ilerleme h\u0131z\u0131na g\u00f6re dengelemeli ve y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirici uygulanacak alanlarda zamanlama disiplinini korumal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h3>\u0130zmir\u2019de lojistik merkezi ve liman ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 saha<\/h3><p>\u0130zmir ve Alia\u011fa \u00e7evresindeki lojistik tesislerde yaz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve h\u0131zl\u0131 su kayb\u0131 beton y\u00fczeyini etkileyebilir. Lazerli serme, kot kontrol\u00fcnde avantaj sa\u011flar; fakat erken r\u00f6tre \u00e7atlaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in uygun k\u00fcrleme plan\u0131 gerekir. Beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm saatlerinin iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenmesi, buharla\u015fma azalt\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar ve yeterli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc organizasyonu ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda lazer vericisinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kesebilecek ara\u00e7 trafi\u011fi de kontrol edilmelidir.<\/p><h3>Konya\u2019da geni\u015f \u00fcretim tesisi<\/h3><p>Konya\u2019daki geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fcretim binalar\u0131nda kesintisiz d\u00f6k\u00fcm alan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funda bomlu lazerli serme makinesi de\u011ferlendirmeye al\u0131nabilir. Bu tip projelerde makinenin saha i\u00e7i d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, beton pompalar\u0131n\u0131n konumu, donat\u0131 \u00fczerinde hareket g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve yak\u0131t ikmali planlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011fru ekipman, g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm alan\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken ekibin yorgunlu\u011funu ve manuel mastarlama ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<\/p><h2>Operat\u00f6r ve Bak\u0131m Disiplini<\/h2><p>Lazerli serme makinesinin hassasiyeti, d\u00fczenli bak\u0131m yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015febilir. Her vardiya \u00f6ncesinde lazer al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temizli\u011fi, direk ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, hidrolik hortumlar, ya\u011f seviyesi, mastar b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, helezon kanatlar\u0131 ve acil durdurma fonksiyonu kontrol edilmelidir. Beton s\u0131\u00e7ramalar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonunda temizlenmelidir; sertle\u015fmi\u015f beton, hareketli aksamlar\u0131n dengesini bozabilir ve sonraki d\u00f6k\u00fcmde y\u00fczey kusurlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Kontrol zaman\u0131<\/th><th>Yap\u0131lacak i\u015flem<\/th><th>\u0130hmal edilirse olu\u015fabilecek sonu\u00e7<\/th><th>Sorumlu ki\u015fi<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vardiya \u00f6ncesi<\/td><td>Lazer al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve direk ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 temizlenir, kalibrasyon kontrol edilir.<\/td><td>Yanl\u0131\u015f kot takibi ve y\u00fczey dalgalanmas\u0131 olu\u015fabilir.<\/td><td>Operat\u00f6r<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vardiya \u00f6ncesi<\/td><td>Hidrolik ya\u011f seviyesi ile hortumlar incelenir.<\/td><td>Bas\u0131n\u00e7 kayb\u0131, gecikmeli hareket ve ya\u011f s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/td><td>Bak\u0131m sorumlusu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Her d\u00f6k\u00fcm sonras\u0131<\/td><td>Mastar, helezon ve \u015fase \u00fczerindeki beton temizlenir.<\/td><td>Dengesiz titre\u015fim, a\u015f\u0131nma ve sonraki d\u00f6k\u00fcmde kalite kayb\u0131 ya\u015fanabilir.<\/td><td>Operat\u00f6r ekibi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Haftal\u0131k<\/td><td>C\u0131vatalar, hareketli ba\u011flant\u0131lar ve filtreler kontrol edilir.<\/td><td>Gev\u015feme, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve plans\u0131z duru\u015f olu\u015fabilir.<\/td><td>Mekanik bak\u0131m ekibi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ayl\u0131k<\/td><td>Hidrolik bas\u0131n\u00e7, titre\u015fim sistemi ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f mekanizmas\u0131 test edilir.<\/td><td>\u00dcretim d\u00fc\u015fer, b\u00fcy\u00fck ar\u0131za riski artar.<\/td><td>Yetkin servis teknisyeni<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sezon \u00f6ncesi<\/td><td>Kapsaml\u0131 bak\u0131m, a\u015f\u0131nan par\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fimi ve e\u011fitim yenilemesi yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/td><td>Yo\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm d\u00f6neminde uzun s\u00fcreli makine duru\u015fu ya\u015fanabilir.<\/td><td>\u0130\u015fletme ve servis ekibi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Makineyi kullanan operat\u00f6r\u00fcn lazer prensibini anlamas\u0131 gerekir. Operat\u00f6r yaln\u0131zca joystick kullanan ki\u015fi olmamal\u0131d\u0131r; betonun k\u0131vam\u0131n\u0131, serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, kot sapmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerini ve y\u00fczey kusurlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk belirtilerini okuyabilmelidir. E\u011fitim s\u0131ras\u0131nda lazer kurulumu, manuel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, acil durum, g\u00fcnl\u00fck bak\u0131m ve deneme d\u00f6\u015femesi mutlaka yer almal\u0131d\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">servis ve bak\u0131m deste\u011fi<\/a> kapsam\u0131nda uzaktan te\u015fhis, par\u00e7a tan\u0131mlama ve uygulama dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle yo\u011fun d\u00f6k\u00fcm programlar\u0131nda makine duru\u015funu azaltabilir.<\/p><h2>Gelecek E\u011filimleri: Teknoloji, Mevzuat ve S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik<\/h2><p>2026 ve sonras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de lazerli beton serme ekipmanlar\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu proje verisiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, uzaktan makine takibi ve bak\u0131m planlamas\u0131 daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelecektir. B\u00fcy\u00fck lojistik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, otomasyonlu depolar ve \u00fcretim tesisleri daha tutarl\u0131 d\u00fczl\u00fckl\u00fck talep etmektedir. Bu nedenle makine verisinin \u015fantiye kalite kay\u0131tlar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirilmesi, gelecekte daha yayg\u0131n bir uygulama olacakt\u0131r.<\/p><p>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcniteleri, daha verimli hidrolik devreler, uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc a\u015f\u0131nma par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bak\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131 \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Betonun ilk seferde do\u011fru kotta serilmesi, ilave tamirat, ta\u015flama ve malzeme kayb\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilir. Bununla birlikte s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir zemin yaln\u0131zca makineden ibaret de\u011fildir; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f agrega kullan\u0131m\u0131, do\u011fru k\u00fcrleme ve uzun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p><p>Mevzuat ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan CE uygunlu\u011fu, makine koruyucular\u0131, acil durdurma sistemleri, operat\u00f6r yetkinli\u011fi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi temel konular olmaya devam edecektir. \u015eantiyede lazer d\u00fczleminin g\u00f6z g\u00fcvenli\u011fi kurallar\u0131na uygun kurulmas\u0131, makine hareket alan\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve beton pompas\u0131 ile serme makinesi aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimin d\u00fczenlenmesi gerekir. Sat\u0131n alma karar\u0131nda belgelendirme, g\u00fcvenlik ekipman\u0131 ve e\u011fitim i\u00e7eri\u011fi fiyat kadar \u00f6nemli kabul edilmelidir.<\/p><h2>S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular<\/h2><h3>Lazerli beton serme makinesi her betonda kullan\u0131labilir mi?<\/h3><p>\u00c7o\u011fu end\u00fcstriyel d\u00f6\u015feme betonunda kullan\u0131labilir; ancak betonun k\u0131vam\u0131, agrega boyutu, lif kullan\u0131m\u0131, priz s\u00fcresi ve d\u00f6\u015feme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 makine ayarlar\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. Lifli beton, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6kme de\u011ferli beton veya \u00f6zel katk\u0131l\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlarda deneme d\u00f6\u015femesi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilir.<\/p><h3>Lazerli serme makinesi ka\u00e7 milimetre hassasiyet sa\u011flar?<\/h3><p>Uygun kurulum, kalibrasyon, stabil lazer referans\u0131 ve do\u011fru i\u015fletme ko\u015fullar\u0131nda milimetre d\u00fczeyinde kot kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flanabilir. Nihai zemin d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise beton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131, alt temel, mastarlama, perdah, k\u00fcrleme ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm y\u00f6nteminden etkilenir.<\/p><h3>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir depo i\u00e7in s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc model gerekli midir?<\/h3><p>Her zaman gerekli de\u011fildir. Dar kap\u0131lar, s\u0131k kolonlar ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 d\u00f6\u015feme alan\u0131 olan projelerde y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc model daha uygun olabilir. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc modelin avantaj\u0131, geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda h\u0131z ve verimlilik sa\u011flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Lazer sisteminin kalibrasyonu ne s\u0131kl\u0131kla yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h3><p>Her kritik d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00f6ncesinde referans kot do\u011frulamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Lazer vericisi veya al\u0131c\u0131 darbe ald\u0131ysa, saha de\u011fi\u015ftiyse ya da \u015f\u00fcpheli y\u00fczey sonucu olu\u015ftuysa kalibrasyon hemen tekrar edilmelidir.<\/p><h3>Makine sat\u0131n almak m\u0131, kiralamak m\u0131 daha mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h3><p>Y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6\u015feme hacmi, proje s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve e\u011fitimli operat\u00f6r bulunabilirli\u011fi belirleyicidir. S\u00fcrekli end\u00fcstriyel zemin i\u015fi yapan y\u00fckleniciler i\u00e7in sat\u0131n alma avantajl\u0131 olabilir. Tek seferlik veya k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli projelerde kiralama maliyet hesab\u0131 yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Yedek par\u00e7a plan\u0131nda hangi par\u00e7alar \u00f6ncelikli olmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h3><p>Filtreler, hidrolik sarflar, mastar ve helezon a\u015f\u0131nma par\u00e7alar\u0131, sens\u00f6r ba\u011flant\u0131 elemanlar\u0131, kay\u0131\u015flar ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck bak\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan par\u00e7alar \u00f6nceliklidir. Proje ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce tedarik\u00e7iden \u00f6nerilen kritik par\u00e7a listesi al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2><p>Lazerli beton serme makinesi; lazer referans\u0131, elektronik al\u0131c\u0131, kontrol \u00fcnitesi ve hidrolik serme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirerek taze betonun hedef kota daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve tutarl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde getirilmesini sa\u011flar. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sanayi tesisleri, lojistik merkezleri, depolar, liman sahalar\u0131 ve geni\u015f ticari zeminlerde bu teknoloji; i\u015f\u00e7ilik azaltma, d\u00f6k\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma ve kalite tekrar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme potansiyeline sahiptir. En iyi sonu\u00e7 i\u00e7in makine t\u00fcr\u00fc proje alan\u0131na g\u00f6re se\u00e7ilmeli, beton tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve k\u00fcrleme plan\u0131 birlikte y\u00f6netilmeli, tedarik\u00e7inin teknik e\u011fitimi ile sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 deste\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>","pl-title":"Wylewarka laserowa w Polsce: zasada dzia\u0142ania i dob\u00f3r","pl-meta":"Jak dzia\u0142a wylewarka laserowa w Polsce? Poznaj czujniki, maszt, g\u0142owic\u0119 robocz\u0105, przebieg betonowania, zastosowania i wskaz\u00f3wki zakupu sprz\u0119tu.","pl-content":"<h1>Jak dzia\u0142a wylewarka laserowa i jak dobra\u0107 j\u0105 do projektu w Polsce?<\/h1><section><h2>Szybka odpowied\u017a<\/h2><p>Wylewarka laserowa dzia\u0142a poprzez automatyczne por\u00f3wnywanie wysoko\u015bci g\u0142owicy roboczej z p\u0142aszczyzn\u0105 wyznaczon\u0105 przez nadajnik laserowy. Odbiornik umieszczony na maszcie wykrywa odchylenie, sterownik przekazuje sygna\u0142 do uk\u0142adu hydraulicznego, a g\u0142owica podnosi si\u0119 lub opuszcza, aby rozprowadzi\u0107 i wyr\u00f3wna\u0107 \u015bwie\u017cy beton na zadanym poziomie. W praktyce operator prowadzi maszyn\u0119 po polu roboczym, natomiast wysoko\u015b\u0107 posadzki jest kontrolowana automatycznie.<\/p><p>Dla wykonawc\u00f3w w Polsce oznacza to szybsze betonowanie du\u017cych p\u0142yt, mniejsze zapotrzebowanie na r\u0119czne wyr\u00f3wnywanie oraz bardziej powtarzaln\u0105 r\u00f3wno\u015b\u0107 nawierzchni. System najlepiej sprawdza si\u0119 w halach magazynowych, zak\u0142adach produkcyjnych, centrach logistycznych, obiektach handlowych, terminalach i na du\u017cych placach betonowych.<\/p><p>Przy zakupie nale\u017cy sprawdzi\u0107 dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 uk\u0142adu laserowego, wydajno\u015b\u0107 hydrauliczn\u0105, szeroko\u015b\u0107 g\u0142owicy, dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 serwisu oraz mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 pracy z projektowaniem tr\u00f3jwymiarowym. Opr\u00f3cz dostawc\u00f3w lokalnych warto rozwa\u017cy\u0107 kwalifikowanych producent\u00f3w mi\u0119dzynarodowych, w tym firmy z Chin posiadaj\u0105ce odpowiednie certyfikaty dla rynku europejskiego, konkurencyjny stosunek kosztu do wydajno\u015bci oraz sprawne wsparcie przed- i posprzeda\u017cowe.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Na czym polega poziomowanie betonu laserem?<\/h2><p>Wylewarka laserowa, nazywana tak\u017ce maszyn\u0105 do laserowego poziomowania betonu, jest urz\u0105dzeniem przeznaczonym do rozk\u0142adania, zag\u0119szczania i profilowania \u015bwie\u017cej mieszanki betonowej. Jej g\u0142\u00f3wnym zadaniem nie jest tylko wyg\u0142adzenie powierzchni. Maszyna kontroluje rz\u0119dn\u0105 robocz\u0105 na podstawie wi\u0105zki laserowej i utrzymuje g\u0142owic\u0119 na wcze\u015bniej ustalonej wysoko\u015bci.<\/p><p>Na budowie w Warszawie, \u0141odzi, Poznaniu, Wroc\u0142awiu, Gda\u0144sku czy Katowicach cz\u0119sto stosuje si\u0119 j\u0105 przy realizacjach, w kt\u00f3rych wymagane s\u0105 du\u017ce pola robocze i powtarzalna geometria posadzki. Dotyczy to szczeg\u00f3lnie nowych obiekt\u00f3w logistycznych w pobli\u017cu autostrad A1, A2 i A4, park\u00f3w przemys\u0142owych na \u015al\u0105sku oraz magazyn\u00f3w obs\u0142uguj\u0105cych porty w Gdyni i Gda\u0144sku.<\/p><p>System rozpoczyna prac\u0119 od ustawienia nadajnika laserowego na stabilnym statywie poza stref\u0105 intensywnego ruchu. Nadajnik tworzy poziom\u0105 p\u0142aszczyzn\u0119 odniesienia wok\u00f3\u0142 ca\u0142ego pola roboczego. Odbiornik na maszcie wylewarki odczytuje po\u0142o\u017cenie wi\u0105zki. Je\u017celi g\u0142owica znajdzie si\u0119 za wysoko, uk\u0142ad hydrauliczny j\u0105 obni\u017ca; je\u017celi zbyt nisko, podnosi j\u0105. Reakcja odbywa si\u0119 podczas przejazdu roboczego.<\/p><p>W przypadku nawierzchni o spadkach, ramp, parking\u00f3w, plac\u00f3w terminalowych lub nawierzchni drogowych stosowany mo\u017ce by\u0107 system tr\u00f3jwymiarowego prowadzenia. Zamiast jednego poziomu odniesienia maszyna korzysta wtedy z cyfrowego modelu projektu, kt\u00f3ry okre\u015bla wymagane wysoko\u015bci w konkretnych punktach.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Podstawowe elementy wylewarki laserowej<\/h2><p>Skuteczno\u015b\u0107 maszyny zale\u017cy od wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy mechaniki, hydrauliki, elektroniki oraz w\u0142a\u015bciwego przygotowania mieszanki. Sam nadajnik laserowy nie wyr\u00f3wna betonu, je\u015bli pod\u0142o\u017ce jest \u017ale przygotowane, zbrojenie przesuni\u0119te, a dostawy betonu nieregularne. Wylewarka zapewnia najlepsze wyniki jako element dobrze zorganizowanego procesu betonowania.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>Funkcja w procesie<\/th><th>Wp\u0142yw na jako\u015b\u0107<\/th><th>Co sprawdzi\u0107 przed zakupem<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Nadajnik laserowy<\/td><td>Wyznacza p\u0142aszczyzn\u0119 odniesienia dla ca\u0142ego pola<\/td><td>Decyduje o stabilno\u015bci pomiaru wysoko\u015bci<\/td><td>Zasi\u0119g, odporno\u015b\u0107 na drgania, kalibracj\u0119 i bateri\u0119<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Odbiornik laserowy<\/td><td>Odczytuje pozycj\u0119 wi\u0105zki na maszcie<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na szybko\u015b\u0107 reakcji poziomowania<\/td><td>Dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107, czytelno\u015b\u0107 sygna\u0142u i ochron\u0119 przed py\u0142em<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszt pomiarowy<\/td><td>Utrzymuje odbiornik nad g\u0142owic\u0105 robocz\u0105<\/td><td>Zapewnia prawid\u0142owe przeniesienie pomiaru<\/td><td>Sztywno\u015b\u0107, regulacj\u0119 wysoko\u015bci i odporno\u015b\u0107 na uszkodzenia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sterownik elektrohydrauliczny<\/td><td>Przetwarza sygna\u0142 na ruch si\u0142ownik\u00f3w<\/td><td>Odpowiada za p\u0142ynno\u015b\u0107 i precyzj\u0119 korekty<\/td><td>Diagnostyk\u0119, ustawienia czu\u0142o\u015bci i dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 serwisu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G\u0142owica robocza<\/td><td>Rozprowadza, wyr\u00f3wnuje i zag\u0119szcza beton<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na profil, g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 oraz struktur\u0119 powierzchni<\/td><td>Szeroko\u015b\u0107, cz\u0119stotliwo\u015b\u0107 wibracji i stan element\u00f3w roboczych<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uk\u0142ad hydrauliczny<\/td><td>Nap\u0119dza ruchy g\u0142owicy, ramienia i podwozia<\/td><td>Zapewnia stabiln\u0105 prac\u0119 pod obci\u0105\u017ceniem<\/td><td>Wydajno\u015b\u0107 pompy, filtracj\u0119 oleju i jako\u015b\u0107 przewod\u00f3w<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Podwozie lub rami\u0119 wysi\u0119gnikowe<\/td><td>Umo\u017cliwia przemieszczanie maszyny po polu<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na zasi\u0119g i dost\u0119p do naro\u017cnik\u00f3w<\/td><td>Promie\u0144 pracy, nacisk na pod\u0142o\u017ce i zwrotno\u015b\u0107<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Powy\u017csze elementy nale\u017cy ocenia\u0107 jako jeden system. Dla ma\u0142ej hali wa\u017cniejsza mo\u017ce by\u0107 zwrotno\u015b\u0107 i \u0142atwy transport, natomiast dla centrum dystrybucyjnego o powierzchni kilkudziesi\u0119ciu tysi\u0119cy metr\u00f3w kwadratowych priorytetem b\u0119dzie wydajno\u015b\u0107, zasi\u0119g roboczy oraz niezawodno\u015b\u0107 hydrauliki podczas pracy wielozmianowej.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Przebieg pracy krok po kroku<\/h2><p>Przed rozpocz\u0119ciem betonowania kierownik rob\u00f3t powinien potwierdzi\u0107 rz\u0119dne projektu, lokalizacj\u0119 dylatacji, grubo\u015b\u0107 p\u0142yty, uk\u0142ad zbrojenia, no\u015bno\u015b\u0107 podbudowy oraz harmonogram dostaw mieszanki. Wylewarka laserowa nie zast\u0119puje kontroli geodezyjnej ani w\u0142a\u015bciwego przygotowania pod\u0142o\u017ca. Jej zadaniem jest dok\u0142adne wykonanie ustalonego profilu w czasie uk\u0142adania betonu.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Etap rob\u00f3t<\/th><th>Dzia\u0142anie ekipy<\/th><th>Rola wylewarki<\/th><th>Ryzyko wymagaj\u0105ce kontroli<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Przygotowanie pod\u0142o\u017ca<\/td><td>Kontrola zag\u0119szczenia, folii, izolacji i zbrojenia<\/td><td>Maszyna pracuje na gotowym polu roboczym<\/td><td>Zapadanie pod\u0142o\u017ca i zmienna grubo\u015b\u0107 p\u0142yty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ustawienie laseru<\/td><td>Wypoziomowanie i zabezpieczenie nadajnika<\/td><td>Odbiera wsp\u00f3ln\u0105 p\u0142aszczyzn\u0119 odniesienia<\/td><td>Przypadkowe przestawienie statywu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ustalenie wysoko\u015bci<\/td><td>Wprowadzenie rz\u0119dnej posadzki lub modelu projektu<\/td><td>Automatycznie koryguje pozycj\u0119 g\u0142owicy<\/td><td>B\u0142\u0105d bazowej wysoko\u015bci lub nieprawid\u0142owa kalibracja<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Podawanie mieszanki<\/td><td>Roz\u0142adunek betonu przed maszyn\u0105<\/td><td>Przemieszcza i rozk\u0142ada mieszank\u0119 na szeroko\u015bci roboczej<\/td><td>Przerwy w dostawach oraz segregacja kruszywa<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Poziomowanie i wibracja<\/td><td>Operator prowadzi maszyn\u0119 zgodnie z planem przejazd\u00f3w<\/td><td>Profiluje oraz zag\u0119szcza beton do wymaganej rz\u0119dnej<\/td><td>Zbyt szybki przejazd lub niew\u0142a\u015bciwa konsystencja<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kontrola powierzchni<\/td><td>Pomiar \u0142at\u0105, niwelatorem lub skanerem<\/td><td>U\u0142atwia utrzymanie powtarzalnego poziomu<\/td><td>Niezweryfikowane lokalne nier\u00f3wno\u015bci<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Obr\u00f3bka ko\u0144cowa<\/td><td>Zacieranie, ci\u0119cie dylatacji i piel\u0119gnacja<\/td><td>Tworzy w\u0142a\u015bciw\u0105 baz\u0119 dla dalszego wyko\u0144czenia<\/td><td>Zbyt p\u00f3\u017ane zacieranie lub niewystarczaj\u0105ca piel\u0119gnacja<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Wa\u017cne jest, aby nie myli\u0107 laserowego poziomowania z ko\u0144cowym zacieraniem. G\u0142owica wylewarki uk\u0142ada beton na wymaganej wysoko\u015bci i wst\u0119pnie go zag\u0119szcza, lecz parametry u\u017cytkowe posadzki zale\u017c\u0105 r\u00f3wnie\u017c od doboru mieszanki, utwardzacza powierzchniowego, terminowego nacinania dylatacji i piel\u0119gnacji. W obiektach o du\u017cym ruchu w\u00f3zk\u00f3w wid\u0142owych wszystkie te dzia\u0142ania musz\u0105 by\u0107 skoordynowane.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Rodzaje maszyn do laserowego poziomowania<\/h2><p>Dob\u00f3r typu maszyny zale\u017cy od wielko\u015bci pola, uk\u0142adu s\u0142up\u00f3w, dost\u0119pno\u015bci dojazdu, grubo\u015bci p\u0142yty oraz zak\u0142adanej dziennej wydajno\u015bci. Nie ma jednego rozwi\u0105zania optymalnego dla ka\u017cdego wykonawcy. Ma\u0142e projekty mog\u0105 wymaga\u0107 urz\u0105dzenia prowadzonego przez operatora, a rozleg\u0142e hale korzystaj\u0105 zwykle z maszyn samojezdnych lub wysi\u0119gnikowych.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Typ maszyny<\/th><th>Najlepsze zastosowanie<\/th><th>Zalety<\/th><th>Ograniczenia<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Maszyna prowadzona przez operatora<\/td><td>Mniejsze hale, remonty i pola o ograniczonej przestrzeni<\/td><td>Ni\u017cszy koszt wej\u015bcia, \u0142atwiejszy transport<\/td><td>Mniejsza wydajno\u015b\u0107 i wi\u0119ksze obci\u0105\u017cenie operatora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna samojezdna<\/td><td>\u015arednie oraz du\u017ce posadzki przemys\u0142owe<\/td><td>Dobra wydajno\u015b\u0107, wygodne sterowanie, szeroki zasi\u0119g<\/td><td>Wymaga przestrzeni do manewr\u00f3w i sprawnego transportu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna z ramieniem wysi\u0119gnikowym<\/td><td>Du\u017ce p\u0142yty, trudniej dost\u0119pne pola, szerokie zatoki<\/td><td>Praca bez cz\u0119stego przemieszczania podwozia<\/td><td>Wy\u017csza cena i wi\u0119ksze wymagania dla operatora<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna z prowadzeniem tr\u00f3jwymiarowym<\/td><td>Rampy, spadki, place i nawierzchnie infrastrukturalne<\/td><td>Realizacja z\u0142o\u017conych geometrii<\/td><td>Wymaga przygotowanego modelu i dok\u0142adnej obs\u0142ugi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wylewarka do nawierzchni drogowych<\/td><td>Drogi, pasy technologiczne i lotniska<\/td><td>Du\u017ca wydajno\u015b\u0107 liniowa i stabilny profil<\/td><td>Przeznaczona do specyficznego zakresu rob\u00f3t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna kompaktowa<\/td><td>Obiekty modernizowane oraz ograniczone logistycznie<\/td><td>\u0141atwiejszy za\u0142adunek i praca przy przeszkodach<\/td><td>Mniejszy zasi\u0119g g\u0142owicy i ograniczona wydajno\u015b\u0107<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Przed zakupem warto por\u00f3wna\u0107 dost\u0119pne <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">maszyny do laserowego poziomowania betonu<\/a> pod k\u0105tem realnej powierzchni roboczej na zmian\u0119, nie tylko maksymalnych parametr\u00f3w katalogowych. W polskich warunkach na wydajno\u015b\u0107 wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 tak\u017ce czas dostaw betonu, liczba pracownik\u00f3w wyko\u0144czeniowych, dojazd gruszek, pogoda i rozmiar pojedynczych p\u00f3l dylatacyjnych.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Gdzie wylewarka laserowa daje najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 przewag\u0119?<\/h2><p>Najwi\u0119ksze korzy\u015bci pojawiaj\u0105 si\u0119 tam, gdzie du\u017ca powierzchnia musi mie\u0107 \u015bci\u015ble kontrolowan\u0105 r\u00f3wno\u015b\u0107, a tempo rob\u00f3t wp\u0142ywa na harmonogram ca\u0142ej inwestycji. Wylewarka ogranicza konieczno\u015b\u0107 r\u0119cznego przeci\u0105gania \u0142at\u0105, poprawia powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 wysoko\u015bci i pozwala ekipie skoncentrowa\u0107 si\u0119 na logistyce mieszanki oraz wyko\u0144czeniu powierzchni.<\/p><ul><li>Hale magazynowe i centra dystrybucyjne w Polsce centralnej, szczeg\u00f3lnie w rejonie \u0141odzi, Strykowa i Kutna.<\/li><li>Zak\u0142ady produkcyjne na \u015al\u0105sku, w Wielkopolsce i na Dolnym \u015al\u0105sku.<\/li><li>Centra logistyczne przy portach w Gda\u0144sku, Gdyni, Szczecinie i \u015awinouj\u015bciu.<\/li><li>Obiekty handlowe, parkingi wielkopowierzchniowe oraz gara\u017ce.<\/li><li>Terminale prze\u0142adunkowe, place kontenerowe i sk\u0142ady materia\u0142\u00f3w.<\/li><li>Lotniska, pasy technologiczne oraz nawierzchnie infrastrukturalne.<\/li><li>Posadzki pod automatyczne systemy magazynowe i rega\u0142y wysokiego sk\u0142adowania.<\/li><li>Du\u017ce p\u0142yty fundamentowe, platformy produkcyjne i p\u0142yty pod maszyny.<\/li><\/ul><p>W szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci inwestorzy realizuj\u0105cy magazyny dla handlu elektronicznego zwracaj\u0105 uwag\u0119 na r\u00f3wno\u015b\u0107 nawierzchni ze wzgl\u0119du na prac\u0119 w\u00f3zk\u00f3w systemowych i automatycznych pojazd\u00f3w transportowych. Nier\u00f3wno\u015bci mog\u0105 zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 zu\u017cycie k\u00f3\u0142, obci\u0105\u017cenie rega\u0142\u00f3w, koszty serwisu oraz ryzyko uszkodzenia towaru. Dlatego projekt posadzki powinien okre\u015bla\u0107 wymagany standard r\u00f3wno\u015bci, a wykonawca powinien potwierdzi\u0107 go pomiarami po realizacji.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Jak kupi\u0107 w\u0142a\u015bciw\u0105 wylewark\u0119 laserow\u0105?<\/h2><p>Najcz\u0119stszym b\u0142\u0119dem jest kupowanie maszyny wy\u0142\u0105cznie na podstawie ceny lub deklarowanej szeroko\u015bci g\u0142owicy. Dobrze dobrany sprz\u0119t powinien odpowiada\u0107 profilowi zlece\u0144 firmy przez co najmniej kilka lat. Wykonawca realizuj\u0105cy ma\u0142e obiekty nie zawsze wykorzysta mo\u017cliwo\u015bci ci\u0119\u017ckiej maszyny z wysi\u0119gnikiem, a firma pracuj\u0105ca na du\u017cych p\u0142ytach mo\u017ce szybko odczu\u0107 ograniczenia urz\u0105dzenia kompaktowego.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Kryterium zakupu<\/th><th>Pytanie praktyczne<\/th><th>Znaczenie dla inwestora<\/th><th>Rekomendowane dzia\u0142anie<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Wielko\u015b\u0107 pola roboczego<\/td><td>Jaka powierzchnia jest betonowana podczas jednej zmiany?<\/td><td>Decyduje o wymaganej wydajno\u015bci<\/td><td>Por\u00f3wna\u0107 realne cykle robocze, nie tylko dane katalogowe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Geometria obiektu<\/td><td>Czy wyst\u0119puj\u0105 s\u0142upy, rampy, spadki i liczne naro\u017cniki?<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na wyb\u00f3r podwozia oraz zasi\u0119gu ramienia<\/td><td>Przygotowa\u0107 rzut typowego projektu do konsultacji<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107<\/td><td>Jakie wymagania ma posadzka pod rega\u0142y i w\u00f3zki?<\/td><td>Warunkuje parametry odbiornika i sterowania<\/td><td>Uzgodni\u0107 spos\u00f3b pomiaru przed rozpocz\u0119ciem rob\u00f3t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Serwis<\/td><td>Gdzie znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 cz\u0119\u015bci i technicy?<\/td><td>Ogranicza ryzyko przestoju na budowie<\/td><td>Sprawdzi\u0107 czas reakcji, magazyn cz\u0119\u015bci i szkolenia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silnik i hydraulika<\/td><td>Czy komponenty s\u0105 dost\u0119pne w Europie?<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na koszty eksploatacji<\/td><td>Zweryfikowa\u0107 filtry, przewody, pompy i harmonogram przegl\u0105d\u00f3w<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transport<\/td><td>Czy maszyna mie\u015bci si\u0119 na posiadanej przyczepie lub lawecie?<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na koszty mi\u0119dzy budowami<\/td><td>Sprawdzi\u0107 mas\u0119, punkty mocowania i wymiary transportowe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Szkolenie<\/td><td>Kto uruchomi maszyn\u0119 i przeszkoli operator\u00f3w?<\/td><td>Zmniejsza b\u0142\u0119dy podczas pierwszych realizacji<\/td><td>Wpisa\u0107 szkolenie oraz odbi\u00f3r techniczny do umowy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Dobrym rozwi\u0105zaniem jest przekazanie dostawcy podstawowych danych: rodzaju inwestycji, rzut\u00f3w obiektu, grubo\u015bci betonu, zak\u0142adanej powierzchni dziennej, warunk\u00f3w transportu i planowanej liczby operator\u00f3w. Na tej podstawie mo\u017cna por\u00f3wna\u0107 rozwi\u0105zania prowadzone, samojezdne oraz wysi\u0119gnikowe. W przypadku pierwszego zakupu warto uwzgl\u0119dni\u0107 tak\u017ce szkolenie na rzeczywistym placu budowy.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Najwa\u017cniejsi dostawcy maszyn w Polsce<\/h2><p>Rynek urz\u0105dze\u0144 do prac betonowych w Polsce obejmuje producent\u00f3w specjalistycznych, dostawc\u00f3w maszyn budowlanych oraz firmy oferuj\u0105ce sprzeda\u017c i obs\u0142ug\u0119 urz\u0105dze\u0144 posadzkarskich. Dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 konkretnych modeli, termin dostawy, zakres uruchomienia i warunki cz\u0119\u015bci zamiennych nale\u017cy ka\u017cdorazowo potwierdzi\u0107 bezpo\u015brednio przed zakupem.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Firma<\/th><th>Obszar obs\u0142ugi<\/th><th>G\u0142\u00f3wne atuty<\/th><th>Kluczowa oferta<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse<\/td><td>Polska, Europa i obs\u0142uga mi\u0119dzynarodowa<\/td><td>Maszyny prowadzone, samojezdne i wysi\u0119gnikowe; elastyczna konfiguracja<\/td><td>Wylewarki laserowe, zacieraczki, przecinarki i wyposa\u017cenie posadzkarskie<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero<\/td><td>Europa, w tym projekty realizowane w Polsce<\/td><td>Specjalizacja w technice poziomowania betonu na du\u017cych powierzchniach<\/td><td>Wylewarki laserowe do posadzek przemys\u0142owych<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction Polska<\/td><td>Ca\u0142a Polska, sie\u0107 sprzeda\u017cy i serwisu<\/td><td>Rozpoznawalna oferta urz\u0105dze\u0144 do obr\u00f3bki betonu<\/td><td>Zacieraczki, przecinarki, szlifierki i narz\u0119dzia diamentowe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson Polska<\/td><td>Polska, oddzia\u0142y i partnerzy regionalni<\/td><td>Silna dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 sprz\u0119tu budowlanego oraz obs\u0142ugi technicznej<\/td><td>Wibratory do betonu, zag\u0119szczarki i maszyny pomocnicze<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister<\/td><td>Polska i rynek europejski<\/td><td>Do\u015bwiadczenie w technologii transportu oraz podawania betonu<\/td><td>Pompy do betonu, urz\u0105dzenia transportowe i wsparcie rob\u00f3t betonowych<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Weber MT<\/td><td>Polska przez sie\u0107 dystrybucyjn\u0105<\/td><td>Urz\u0105dzenia do zag\u0119szczania pod\u0142o\u017ca pod p\u0142yty betonowe<\/td><td>Zag\u0119szczarki p\u0142ytowe, ubijaki i walce<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tabela pokazuje, \u017ce zakup wylewarki nale\u017cy rozpatrywa\u0107 razem z ca\u0142ym zapleczem rob\u00f3t betonowych. Dostawca maszyny poziomuj\u0105cej powinien rozumie\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c przygotowanie podbudowy, logistyk\u0119 mieszanki, zag\u0119szczanie, zacieranie, nacinanie oraz piel\u0119gnacj\u0119. Wiele firm korzysta r\u00f3wnolegle z urz\u0105dze\u0144 kilku marek, dobieraj\u0105c je do w\u0142asnego zakresu rob\u00f3t.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse jako partner dla wykonawc\u00f3w w Polsce<\/h2><p>Vanse rozwija urz\u0105dzenia do rob\u00f3t betonowych od 2013 roku, dostarczaj\u0105c wylewarki laserowe, zacieraczki, szlifierki, przecinarki i wyposa\u017cenie do posadzek przemys\u0142owych dla wykonawc\u00f3w na wielu rynkach. Produkcja jest oparta na systemie jako\u015bci ISO 9001 oraz wymaganiach certyfikacji CE, a rozwi\u0105zania konstrukcyjne s\u0105 rozwijane z wykorzystaniem technologii laserowego sterowania, hydrauliki, trwa\u0142ych komponent\u00f3w i praktycznych test\u00f3w roboczych. Firma posiada ponad 50 patent\u00f3w wynalazczych oraz ponad 200 patent\u00f3w u\u017cytkowych i wzor\u00f3w, co wspiera rozw\u00f3j maszyn przeznaczonych do dok\u0142adnego profilowania betonu. Dla klient\u00f3w w Polsce dost\u0119pne s\u0105 elastyczne modele wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy obejmuj\u0105ce sprzeda\u017c maszyn u\u017cytkownikom ko\u0144cowym, dostawy hurtowe, partnerstwa dystrybucyjne, produkcj\u0119 pod mark\u0105 klienta oraz konfiguracje dostosowane do wymaga\u0144 projektu. Vanse obs\u0142uguje tak\u017ce dealer\u00f3w, w\u0142a\u015bcicieli marek, wypo\u017cyczalnie i inwestor\u00f3w indywidualnych. Firma ma do\u015bwiadczenie eksportowe w ponad 80 krajach, rozwija zagraniczne zaplecze serwisowe mi\u0119dzy innymi w Azji Po\u0142udniowo-Wschodniej i Kanadzie oraz wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z sieci\u0105 dealer\u00f3w w Europie. Kupuj\u0105cy z Polski otrzymuj\u0105 wsparcie przed sprzeda\u017c\u0105, dob\u00f3r modelu, uruchomienie, szkolenie operator\u00f3w, diagnostyk\u0119 zdaln\u0105, dostawy cz\u0119\u015bci i konsultacje techniczne przez ca\u0142\u0105 dob\u0119. Oferta obejmuje rozwi\u0105zania EPC, realizacje pod klucz oraz wyposa\u017cenie zak\u0142ad\u00f3w nale\u017c\u0105cych do klienta, a nie model eksploatacji instalacji przez dostawc\u0119 lub dostaw masowych realizowanych na miejscu.<\/p><p>W przypadku du\u017cych inwestycji warto rozpocz\u0105\u0107 od konsultacji technicznej i przes\u0142ania planu pola roboczego. Strona <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse<\/a> prezentuje pe\u0142ny zakres urz\u0105dze\u0144 do budowy i obr\u00f3bki posadzek betonowych, natomiast modele samojezdne s\u0105 dost\u0119pne w sekcji <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">wylewarek samojezdnych<\/a>. Dla firm wykonawczych kluczowa jest tak\u017ce mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 zaplanowania uruchomienia, szkolenia i dalszej obs\u0142ugi przez <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">wsparcie techniczne<\/a> oraz <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">serwis posprzeda\u017cowy<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Przyk\u0142adowe scenariusze zastosowania<\/h2><p>W centrum logistycznym w okolicach Strykowa wykonawca mo\u017ce betonowa\u0107 rozleg\u0142e pola posadzki o du\u017cych wymaganiach u\u017cytkowych. Maszyna samojezdna z szerok\u0105 g\u0142owic\u0105 ogranicza liczb\u0119 przejazd\u00f3w, a laser utrzymuje za\u0142o\u017con\u0105 wysoko\u015b\u0107. Ekipa wyko\u0144czeniowa mo\u017ce skoncentrowa\u0107 si\u0119 na w\u0142a\u015bciwym momencie zacierania i piel\u0119gnacji, zamiast stale korygowa\u0107 r\u0119cznie poziom ca\u0142ej p\u0142yty.<\/p><p>W zak\u0142adzie produkcyjnym na \u015al\u0105sku, gdzie wyst\u0119puj\u0105 s\u0142upy i liczne fundamenty maszynowe, praktyczna mo\u017ce by\u0107 maszyna o dobrej zwrotno\u015bci lub konstrukcja z ramieniem. Przed betonowaniem nale\u017cy wyznaczy\u0107 kolejno\u015b\u0107 pracy tak, aby nie odci\u0105\u0107 dost\u0119pu do kolejnych p\u00f3l. W projekcie z wysokimi wymaganiami dotycz\u0105cymi r\u00f3wno\u015bci trzeba dodatkowo zaplanowa\u0107 pomiary odbiorcze.<\/p><p>Na placu terminalowym w rejonie portowym wa\u017cne s\u0105 spadki odwadniaj\u0105ce i odporno\u015b\u0107 nawierzchni na intensywny ruch. W takim przypadku przydatne jest prowadzenie tr\u00f3jwymiarowe, poniewa\u017c klasyczna p\u0142aszczyzna pozioma nie odwzoruje projektowanych spadk\u00f3w. Operator musi pracowa\u0107 wed\u0142ug zweryfikowanego modelu, a zesp\u00f3\u0142 geodezyjny powinien potwierdzi\u0107 punkty odniesienia przed rozpocz\u0119ciem uk\u0142adania mieszanki.<\/p><p>Przy modernizacji obiektu handlowego w Krakowie lub Warszawie cz\u0119sto istotniejsze od maksymalnej wydajno\u015bci jest ograniczenie wymiar\u00f3w transportowych oraz mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 pracy w istniej\u0105cym budynku. Kompaktowa wylewarka mo\u017ce wtedy zapewni\u0107 lepsz\u0105 dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107, cho\u0107 trzeba realistycznie zaplanowa\u0107 tempo rob\u00f3t i liczb\u0119 przejazd\u00f3w.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Trendy na lata 2026 i kolejne<\/h2><p>W 2026 roku rynek betonowania w Polsce b\u0119dzie coraz silniej kierowa\u0142 si\u0119 w stron\u0119 cyfrowej kontroli rob\u00f3t, ograniczania odpad\u00f3w oraz zwi\u0119kszania trwa\u0142o\u015bci posadzek. Rosn\u0105ce koszty pracy i wymagania inwestor\u00f3w powoduj\u0105, \u017ce wykonawcy szukaj\u0105 urz\u0105dze\u0144 pozwalaj\u0105cych realizowa\u0107 wi\u0119ksze pola przy mniejszej liczbie pracownik\u00f3w.<\/p><ul><li>Coraz cz\u0119stsze stosowanie cyfrowych modeli terenu i prowadzenia tr\u00f3jwymiarowego przy rampach, placach i infrastrukturze.<\/li><li>Wi\u0119ksza integracja pomiar\u00f3w r\u00f3wno\u015bci z dokumentacj\u0105 odbiorow\u0105 inwestycji.<\/li><li>Rozw\u00f3j nap\u0119d\u00f3w o ni\u017cszej emisji oraz ograniczanie zu\u017cycia paliwa podczas pracy na obiektach zamkni\u0119tych.<\/li><li>Szersze wykorzystanie w\u0142\u00f3kien stalowych i syntetycznych w p\u0142ytach przemys\u0142owych, zgodnie z projektem konstrukcyjnym.<\/li><li>Monitorowanie stanu maszyn, termin\u00f3w przegl\u0105d\u00f3w oraz diagnostyka zdalna ograniczaj\u0105ca przestoje.<\/li><li>Wi\u0119ksze znaczenie materia\u0142\u00f3w o ni\u017cszym \u015bladzie w\u0119glowym i zoptymalizowanych receptur betonowych.<\/li><li>Zaostrzenie wymaga\u0144 dotycz\u0105cych bezpiecze\u0144stwa pracy, py\u0142u, ha\u0142asu oraz dokumentacji technicznej urz\u0105dze\u0144.<\/li><\/ul><p>Technologia laserowa pozostanie istotna, ale sama dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 poziomowania nie wystarczy. Przewag\u0119 uzyskaj\u0105 firmy, kt\u00f3re po\u0142\u0105cz\u0105 maszyn\u0119 z dobrze zarz\u0105dzan\u0105 logistyk\u0105 betonu, szkoleniem operator\u00f3w, kontrol\u0105 jako\u015bci i serwisem zapewniaj\u0105cym ci\u0105g\u0142o\u015b\u0107 pracy.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Najcz\u0119\u015bciej zadawane pytania<\/h2><h3>Czy wylewarka laserowa zast\u0119puje ekip\u0119 posadzkarsk\u0105?<\/h3><p>Nie. Zmniejsza zakres r\u0119cznego wyr\u00f3wnywania, ale nadal potrzebni s\u0105 operatorzy, pracownicy do prowadzenia dostaw mieszanki, ekipa zacieraj\u0105ca, osoby odpowiedzialne za dylatacje oraz kontrola jako\u015bci.<\/p><h3>Jak\u0105 dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 mo\u017cna uzyska\u0107?<\/h3><p>W sprzyjaj\u0105cych warunkach technologia umo\u017cliwia utrzymanie poziomu z dok\u0142adno\u015bci\u0105 milimetrow\u0105. Ko\u0144cowy wynik zale\u017cy jednak od kalibracji, ustawienia laseru, stanu pod\u0142o\u017ca, jako\u015bci mieszanki, umiej\u0119tno\u015bci operatora i p\u00f3\u017aniejszej obr\u00f3bki posadzki.<\/p><h3>Czy maszyna mo\u017ce pracowa\u0107 na posadzce ze spadkiem?<\/h3><p>Tak, ale dla z\u0142o\u017conych spadk\u00f3w i profili nale\u017cy zastosowa\u0107 odpowiedni system prowadzenia tr\u00f3jwymiarowego oraz przygotowa\u0107 prawid\u0142owy model geometrii.<\/p><h3>Czy wylewarka nadaje si\u0119 do ma\u0142ych obiekt\u00f3w?<\/h3><p>Tak. Dla mniejszych powierzchni mo\u017cna wybra\u0107 maszyn\u0119 prowadzon\u0105 przez operatora albo model kompaktowy. Nale\u017cy por\u00f3wna\u0107 koszt zakupu lub wynajmu z cz\u0119stotliwo\u015bci\u0105 realizowanych rob\u00f3t.<\/p><h3>Jak przygotowa\u0107 budow\u0119 do pracy maszyny?<\/h3><p>Trzeba sprawdzi\u0107 podbudow\u0119, zbrojenie, punkty wysoko\u015bciowe, dost\u0119p dla betoniarek, zasilanie pomocnicze, o\u015bwietlenie oraz ci\u0105g\u0142o\u015b\u0107 dostaw betonu. Nale\u017cy tak\u017ce zabezpieczy\u0107 nadajnik laserowy przed przestawieniem.<\/p><h3>Jakie dane warto wys\u0142a\u0107 dostawcy przed wycen\u0105?<\/h3><p>Najlepiej przekaza\u0107 rzut obiektu, wymiary p\u00f3l, grubo\u015b\u0107 p\u0142yty, rodzaj zbrojenia, wymagany poziom r\u00f3wno\u015bci, dzienn\u0105 powierzchni\u0119 betonowania, lokalizacj\u0119 inwestycji oraz informacj\u0119 o dost\u0119pnej lawecie transportowej.<\/p><h3>Czy serwis jest wa\u017cniejszy ni\u017c cena zakupu?<\/h3><p>W przypadku maszyn pracuj\u0105cych przy terminowych betonowaniach serwis ma bardzo du\u017ce znaczenie. Awaria podczas wylewania mo\u017ce generowa\u0107 koszty zwi\u0105zane z przestojem dostaw, prac\u0105 ekipy i ryzykiem pogorszenia jako\u015bci p\u0142yty.<\/p><h3>Czy jedna maszyna wystarczy do ca\u0142ej technologii posadzkowej?<\/h3><p>Nie. Wylewarka laserowa jest jednym z etap\u00f3w. Do pe\u0142nego procesu potrzebne mog\u0105 by\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c wibratory, zacieraczki, przecinarki do dylatacji, szlifierki, narz\u0119dzia pomiarowe oraz systemy piel\u0119gnacji betonu.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Podsumowanie dla inwestora i wykonawcy<\/h2><p>Wylewarka laserowa dzia\u0142a dzi\u0119ki po\u0142\u0105czeniu nadajnika laserowego, odbiornika, sterownika i hydraulicznie regulowanej g\u0142owicy. W czasie przejazdu automatycznie utrzymuje zaprojektowan\u0105 wysoko\u015b\u0107 \u015bwie\u017cego betonu, zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105c tempo rob\u00f3t oraz powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 posadzki. Najwi\u0119ksze korzy\u015bci przynosi na du\u017cych powierzchniach przemys\u0142owych, logistycznych i infrastrukturalnych.<\/p><p>Przy wyborze urz\u0105dzenia w Polsce nale\u017cy oceni\u0107 nie tylko cen\u0119, lecz tak\u017ce typ projekt\u00f3w, wydajno\u015b\u0107, uk\u0142ad obiektu, obs\u0142ug\u0119 serwisow\u0105, szkolenie operator\u00f3w i dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119\u015bci. W\u0142a\u015bciwie dobrana maszyna, poprawnie ustawiony laser oraz dobrze przygotowana organizacja betonowania mog\u0105 znacz\u0105co poprawi\u0107 jako\u015b\u0107 i przewidywalno\u015b\u0107 realizacji.<\/p><\/section>","pt-title":"Como funciona uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o em Portugal","pt-meta":"Saiba como funciona uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o em Portugal: laser, recetor e sistema hidr\u00e1ulico nivelam lajes com rapidez, precis\u00e3o e menos m\u00e3o de obra.","pt-content":"<h1>Como funciona uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o em Portugal<\/h1><section><h2>Resposta r\u00e1pida<\/h2><p>Uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o funciona atrav\u00e9s de um emissor laser rotativo que cria um plano de refer\u00eancia, de um recetor instalado na m\u00e1quina e de um sistema hidr\u00e1ulico que sobe ou desce automaticamente a cabe\u00e7a niveladora. Enquanto o equipamento avan\u00e7a sobre o bet\u00e3o fresco, distribui o material, corta os excessos e deixa a laje \u00e0 cota definida no projeto.<\/p><p>Na pr\u00e1tica, o operador define a cota, posiciona o emissor laser numa \u00e1rea est\u00e1vel e conduz a m\u00e1quina. O recetor compara continuamente a altura real da cabe\u00e7a de nivelamento com a altura programada. Quando identifica uma diferen\u00e7a, envia um sinal ao sistema hidr\u00e1ulico para corrigir a posi\u00e7\u00e3o em poucos instantes. Isto reduz a depend\u00eancia de fios-guia, melhora a uniformidade do pavimento e diminui o retrabalho.<\/p><p>Para obras em Portugal, este equipamento \u00e9 especialmente indicado para armaz\u00e9ns em Leiria, plataformas log\u00edsticas na Azambuja, f\u00e1bricas em Aveiro, parques industriais no Porto, edif\u00edcios comerciais em Lisboa e lajes exteriores pr\u00f3ximas dos portos de Sines, Set\u00fabal e Leix\u00f5es. Al\u00e9m dos fornecedores europeus com representa\u00e7\u00e3o nacional, podem ser considerados fabricantes internacionais qualificados, incluindo empresas chinesas com certifica\u00e7\u00e3o CE, documenta\u00e7\u00e3o adequada e assist\u00eancia pr\u00e9-venda e p\u00f3s-venda s\u00f3lida, sobretudo quando oferecem uma boa rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre custo, produtividade e precis\u00e3o.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Porque a r\u00e9gua laser \u00e9 importante no mercado portugu\u00eas<\/h2><p>O setor da constru\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal continua a exigir pavimentos de bet\u00e3o mais planos, resistentes e r\u00e1pidos de executar. Centros de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o, unidades industriais, plataformas de frio, edif\u00edcios agr\u00edcolas, terminais log\u00edsticos e parques de estacionamento precisam de lajes capazes de suportar tr\u00e1fego intenso de empilhadores, estanterias altas, equipamentos automatizados e cargas repetidas.<\/p><p>Nos pavimentos convencionais, a equipa executa a regulariza\u00e7\u00e3o com r\u00e9guas manuais, guias, n\u00edveis e trabalho intensivo de acabamento. Este m\u00e9todo pode ser adequado para pequenas \u00e1reas, mas torna-se menos eficiente quando a laje tem centenas ou milhares de metros quadrados. A precis\u00e3o depende muito da experi\u00eancia da equipa, da prepara\u00e7\u00e3o das guias e do controlo durante a betonagem.<\/p><p>A r\u00e9gua laser substitui grande parte desse controlo manual por uma refer\u00eancia autom\u00e1tica de altura. O resultado \u00e9 uma superf\u00edcie mais consistente, com menor necessidade de corre\u00e7\u00f5es posteriores. Para empreiteiros portugueses, isto pode significar menos horas de m\u00e3o de obra, melhor previsibilidade do prazo e menor risco de atrasos causados por retrabalho.<\/p><p>Em projetos localizados no litoral, onde a humidade, o vento e as varia\u00e7\u00f5es de temperatura podem afetar o comportamento do bet\u00e3o fresco, a rapidez de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e nivelamento torna-se ainda mais relevante. Em zonas industriais do Norte e Centro, como Braga, Guimar\u00e3es, Vila Nova de Famalic\u00e3o, Coimbra e Viseu, a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de uma m\u00e1quina de nivelamento a laser pode ajudar a manter o ritmo de execu\u00e7\u00e3o em obras com exig\u00eancias de pavimento industrial.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Princ\u00edpio de funcionamento do nivelamento a laser<\/h2><p>O funcionamento baseia-se num circuito simples, mas preciso: o laser estabelece uma refer\u00eancia horizontal ou inclinada; o recetor mede a dist\u00e2ncia relativamente a essa refer\u00eancia; o controlador interpreta a leitura; e o sistema hidr\u00e1ulico ajusta a altura da cabe\u00e7a de nivelamento.<\/p><p>O emissor laser \u00e9 colocado fora da zona de passagem da m\u00e1quina, num trip\u00e9 est\u00e1vel. Depois de nivelado, projeta um feixe rotativo a 360 graus. O recetor, montado num mastro da r\u00e9gua laser, recebe esse sinal. Se o recetor estiver demasiado alto em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao plano definido, a m\u00e1quina reduz a altura de trabalho; se estiver demasiado baixo, eleva a cabe\u00e7a.<\/p><p>A cabe\u00e7a niveladora pode incorporar uma l\u00e2mina, uma rosca distribuidora, uma p\u00e1 de corte ou uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o destes elementos. A rosca conduz o bet\u00e3o para zonas com falta de material. A l\u00e2mina retira o excesso e regulariza a superf\u00edcie. O sistema hidr\u00e1ulico mant\u00e9m a ferramenta na altura correta durante o deslocamento.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o no processo<\/th><th>Impacto na qualidade da laje<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Emissor laser rotativo<\/td><td>Cria o plano de refer\u00eancia de altura em toda a \u00e1rea de trabalho.<\/td><td>Permite controlar a cota do pavimento sem depender de fios-guia extensos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Recetor laser<\/td><td>Deteta a posi\u00e7\u00e3o da m\u00e1quina relativamente ao feixe laser.<\/td><td>Fornece dados cont\u00ednuos para corre\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica da altura.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Controlador eletr\u00f3nico<\/td><td>Processa o sinal recebido e transmite ordens ao sistema hidr\u00e1ulico.<\/td><td>Melhora a rapidez e a consist\u00eancia das corre\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sistema hidr\u00e1ulico<\/td><td>Eleva, baixa ou estabiliza a cabe\u00e7a niveladora.<\/td><td>Mant\u00e9m a ferramenta na cota prevista durante a execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rosca distribuidora<\/td><td>Move o bet\u00e3o fresco lateralmente e preenche zonas com insufici\u00eancia de material.<\/td><td>Reduz falhas de enchimento antes do corte final.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>L\u00e2mina de nivelamento<\/td><td>Corta os excessos e regulariza a superf\u00edcie do bet\u00e3o.<\/td><td>Contribui para planicidade, uniformidade e menor consumo de corre\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Motor e transmiss\u00e3o<\/td><td>Fornecem energia ao deslocamento, \u00e0 hidr\u00e1ulica e aos \u00f3rg\u00e3os de trabalho.<\/td><td>Influenciam a estabilidade operacional e a capacidade de trabalhar continuamente.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Uma r\u00e9gua laser n\u00e3o substitui uma boa prepara\u00e7\u00e3o da base, a correta dosagem do bet\u00e3o ou o acabamento final. A m\u00e1quina melhora o controlo de cota e a produtividade, mas a qualidade do pavimento continua a depender da compacta\u00e7\u00e3o da base, da coloca\u00e7\u00e3o de armaduras ou fibras, das juntas, da cura e da coordena\u00e7\u00e3o entre central de bet\u00e3o, equipa de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o e respons\u00e1vel t\u00e9cnico.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Etapas de execu\u00e7\u00e3o de uma laje com r\u00e9gua laser<\/h2><p>Antes da betonagem, a equipa deve confirmar as cotas de projeto, a espessura da laje, o tipo de armadura, as juntas de constru\u00e7\u00e3o e dilata\u00e7\u00e3o, as zonas de acesso para autobetoneiras e bombas de bet\u00e3o. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio verificar se o emissor laser ter\u00e1 uma posi\u00e7\u00e3o segura, sem vibra\u00e7\u00f5es e sem risco de obstru\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Depois de preparada a base, instala-se o laser e define-se a refer\u00eancia de trabalho. O operador testa o recetor, confirma a resposta hidr\u00e1ulica e ajusta a largura ou o alcance da cabe\u00e7a niveladora. A betonagem come\u00e7a com a deposi\u00e7\u00e3o de bet\u00e3o numa espessura ligeiramente superior \u00e0 cota final, para permitir que a m\u00e1quina distribua e corte o material.<\/p><p>Durante a passagem, a rosca leva o bet\u00e3o para as zonas baixas e a l\u00e2mina remove o excesso. O operador conduz a m\u00e1quina com trajet\u00f3rias sobrepostas, evitando movimentos bruscos e mantendo uma alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o constante de bet\u00e3o. Quando a \u00e1rea est\u00e1 nivelada, a equipa realiza as opera\u00e7\u00f5es seguintes, como o alisamento mec\u00e2nico, a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de endurecedor superficial quando previsto, o corte de juntas e a cura.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Fase de obra<\/th><th>A\u00e7\u00e3o recomendada<\/th><th>Erro a evitar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Levantamento inicial<\/td><td>Confirmar cotas, pendentes, espessuras e toler\u00e2ncias do projeto.<\/td><td>Iniciar a betonagem sem verificar pontos altos ou baixos da base.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o da base<\/td><td>Compactar e regularizar a camada de suporte antes da coloca\u00e7\u00e3o do bet\u00e3o.<\/td><td>Esperar que a r\u00e9gua laser corrija defeitos profundos da funda\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Instala\u00e7\u00e3o do laser<\/td><td>Colocar o emissor num trip\u00e9 firme e protegido de impactos.<\/td><td>Montar o emissor numa zona sujeita a vibra\u00e7\u00e3o ou passagem de m\u00e1quinas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Deposi\u00e7\u00e3o do bet\u00e3o<\/td><td>Garantir fornecimento cont\u00ednuo e altura suficiente para distribui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><td>Entregar bet\u00e3o de forma irregular, criando grandes montes ou zonas vazias.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Nivelamento autom\u00e1tico<\/td><td>Executar passagens uniformes com sobreposi\u00e7\u00e3o controlada.<\/td><td>Conduzir demasiado depressa ou alterar repetidamente a dire\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acabamento superficial<\/td><td>Utilizar alisadoras adequadas ao estado de endurecimento do bet\u00e3o.<\/td><td>Alisar cedo ou tarde demais, comprometendo a superf\u00edcie.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cura e juntas<\/td><td>Aplicar cura e cortar juntas no momento definido pelo respons\u00e1vel t\u00e9cnico.<\/td><td>Adiar a cura, permitindo retra\u00e7\u00e3o excessiva e fissura\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Em lajes com pendentes, como parques exteriores, zonas de lavagem, pisos de terminais ou \u00e1reas de drenagem, pode ser utilizado um sistema de controlo tridimensional. Em vez de trabalhar apenas com um plano horizontal, a m\u00e1quina segue coordenadas de projeto para criar inclina\u00e7\u00f5es, curvas suaves ou geometrias espec\u00edficas. Esta solu\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser planeada com cuidado, sobretudo em obras de infraestrutura e plataformas de grande dimens\u00e3o.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tipos de r\u00e9guas laser dispon\u00edveis<\/h2><p>A escolha da m\u00e1quina depende da \u00e1rea di\u00e1ria a executar, da geometria da obra, do acesso dispon\u00edvel, da espessura da laje e do n\u00edvel de toler\u00e2ncia exigido. N\u00e3o existe um \u00fanico modelo ideal para todos os projetos.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tipo de equipamento<\/th><th>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o mais indicada<\/th><th>Vantagem principal<\/th><th>Limita\u00e7\u00e3o habitual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser de condu\u00e7\u00e3o a p\u00e9<\/td><td>Pequenas \u00e1reas, espa\u00e7os interiores e obras com acessos limitados.<\/td><td>Formato compacto e menor investimento inicial.<\/td><td>Produtividade inferior em grandes lajes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser com operador sentado<\/td><td>Armaz\u00e9ns, f\u00e1bricas, plataformas log\u00edsticas e pavimentos industriais.<\/td><td>Boa produtividade e controlo confort\u00e1vel em \u00e1reas m\u00e9dias e grandes.<\/td><td>Exige espa\u00e7o para manobra e transporte adequado.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser com lan\u00e7a<\/td><td>Lajes extensas, zonas com obst\u00e1culos e \u00e1reas de dif\u00edcil alcance.<\/td><td>Alcance maior sem circular sobre determinadas zonas de bet\u00e3o fresco.<\/td><td>Requer operador treinado e planeamento rigoroso.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser compacta<\/td><td>Edif\u00edcios comerciais, caves, corredores largos e pequenas naves.<\/td><td>Facilidade de entrada por portas e acessos estreitos.<\/td><td>Menor largura de trabalho por passagem.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser para perfis tridimensionais<\/td><td>Infraestruturas, vias, \u00e1reas exteriores e superf\u00edcies com pendente.<\/td><td>Segue geometrias digitais e inclina\u00e7\u00f5es programadas.<\/td><td>Necessita de prepara\u00e7\u00e3o topogr\u00e1fica adicional.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser para elevada planicidade<\/td><td>Armaz\u00e9ns de grande altura e corredores de empilhadores especializados.<\/td><td>Ajuda a cumprir toler\u00e2ncias rigorosas de planeza.<\/td><td>Depende de toda a cadeia de execu\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o apenas da m\u00e1quina.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Para uma nave industrial em Santar\u00e9m ou uma plataforma log\u00edstica junto \u00e0 A1, uma m\u00e1quina com operador sentado pode ser uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o equilibrada. Para uma grande laje de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o na \u00e1rea metropolitana de Lisboa ou para um terminal de mercadorias em Sines, uma vers\u00e3o com lan\u00e7a pode oferecer maior alcance e produtividade. J\u00e1 para remodela\u00e7\u00f5es em edif\u00edcios no Porto, Coimbra ou Faro, uma m\u00e1quina compacta pode ser mais pr\u00e1tica.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Crit\u00e9rios para comprar uma r\u00e9gua laser em Portugal<\/h2><p>A decis\u00e3o n\u00e3o deve ser tomada apenas pelo pre\u00e7o de aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o. Uma m\u00e1quina mais econ\u00f3mica, mas sem pe\u00e7as dispon\u00edveis, forma\u00e7\u00e3o do operador ou assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica, pode gerar perdas importantes durante uma betonagem. O custo de uma paragem de algumas horas numa laje industrial pode ser superior \u00e0 diferen\u00e7a inicial entre dois equipamentos.<\/p><p>Comece por avaliar a \u00e1rea m\u00e9dia de betonagem por dia. Um empreiteiro que executa pequenas lajes ocasionalmente pode preferir uma m\u00e1quina compacta ou recorrer ao aluguer. Uma empresa especializada em pavimentos industriais, com trabalhos regulares em v\u00e1rios distritos, dever\u00e1 considerar uma m\u00e1quina de maior capacidade, forma\u00e7\u00e3o interna e stock de consum\u00edveis.<\/p><p>Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 importante verificar a disponibilidade de assist\u00eancia no territ\u00f3rio portugu\u00eas, especialmente para obras fora dos grandes centros. Projetos no interior, como Castelo Branco, \u00c9vora, Beja, Bragan\u00e7a ou Guarda, exigem um plano de resposta t\u00e9cnica claro. Pe\u00e7a ao fornecedor informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre tempo de desloca\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as cr\u00edticas, diagn\u00f3stico remoto, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o preventiva e forma\u00e7\u00e3o inicial.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Crit\u00e9rio de compra<\/th><th>Quest\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica<\/th><th>Como avaliar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Precis\u00e3o de nivelamento<\/td><td>Que toler\u00e2ncia a laje deve cumprir?<\/td><td>Comparar especifica\u00e7\u00f5es, demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o e experi\u00eancia em obras semelhantes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Produtividade<\/td><td>Quantos metros quadrados ser\u00e3o executados por jornada?<\/td><td>Considerar largura de trabalho, velocidade e capacidade de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Tipo de obra<\/td><td>A laje \u00e9 plana, inclinada ou tem obst\u00e1culos?<\/td><td>Escolher vers\u00e3o compacta, com operador sentado, com lan\u00e7a ou controlo tridimensional.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica<\/td><td>Quem interv\u00e9m se houver uma avaria durante a betonagem?<\/td><td>Exigir contactos, processo de emerg\u00eancia e disponibilidade de pe\u00e7as.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Forma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Os operadores conhecem a calibra\u00e7\u00e3o e a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria?<\/td><td>Incluir forma\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica no fornecimento e reciclagens peri\u00f3dicas.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transporte<\/td><td>A empresa disp\u00f5e de reboque, cami\u00e3o e meios de carga adequados?<\/td><td>Confirmar peso, dimens\u00f5es e pontos de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o da m\u00e1quina.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Custo total<\/td><td>Qual ser\u00e1 o custo ao longo de v\u00e1rios anos?<\/td><td>Somar aquisi\u00e7\u00e3o, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as, combust\u00edvel, transporte e paragens.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Antes de assinar a encomenda, solicite uma demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o com bet\u00e3o real ou visite uma obra compar\u00e1vel. Confirme se o fornecedor fornece manual em portugu\u00eas, lista de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as de desgaste, apoio de coloca\u00e7\u00e3o em servi\u00e7o e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o para o sistema laser. \u00c9 igualmente prudente verificar as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de garantia e a cobertura de responsabilidade t\u00e9cnica.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Fornecedores e marcas relevantes para Portugal<\/h2><p>O mercado portugu\u00eas pode ser servido por fabricantes com presen\u00e7a europeia, distribuidores ib\u00e9ricos, empresas de aluguer e fornecedores internacionais. A sele\u00e7\u00e3o deve considerar a disponibilidade concreta para a zona da obra, a capacidade de forma\u00e7\u00e3o e o acesso a pe\u00e7as. A tabela seguinte re\u00fane marcas reconhecidas e op\u00e7\u00f5es que podem ser avaliadas por empreiteiros portugueses.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Empresa<\/th><th>Regi\u00e3o de servi\u00e7o relevante<\/th><th>Pontos fortes<\/th><th>Oferta principal<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Wacker Neuson Portugal<\/td><td>Portugal continental, com presen\u00e7a comercial e apoio atrav\u00e9s da rede nacional.<\/td><td>Rede de equipamento para constru\u00e7\u00e3o, forma\u00e7\u00e3o e pe\u00e7as para m\u00e1quinas de obra.<\/td><td>Equipamentos de compacta\u00e7\u00e3o, acabamento de bet\u00e3o e solu\u00e7\u00f5es para estaleiro.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction Portugal<\/td><td>Portugal, incluindo apoio por distribuidores e centros de servi\u00e7o autorizados.<\/td><td>Conhecimento em corte, perfura\u00e7\u00e3o, prepara\u00e7\u00e3o e acabamento de superf\u00edcies.<\/td><td>M\u00e1quinas de corte, alisadoras, equipamento de prepara\u00e7\u00e3o de pavimentos e acess\u00f3rios.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister Ib\u00e9rica<\/td><td>Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica, com capacidade de apoio a projetos em Portugal.<\/td><td>Experi\u00eancia em transporte, bombagem e coloca\u00e7\u00e3o de bet\u00e3o em obras exigentes.<\/td><td>Bombas de bet\u00e3o, equipamentos associados e apoio t\u00e9cnico para aplica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>Europa atrav\u00e9s de rede comercial e parceiros especializados.<\/td><td>Especializa\u00e7\u00e3o hist\u00f3rica em nivelamento de lajes de grande dimens\u00e3o.<\/td><td>R\u00e9guas laser para pavimentos industriais, log\u00edstica e projetos de elevada planicidade.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine International<\/td><td>Mercados internacionais atrav\u00e9s de distribuidores e importadores.<\/td><td>Gama focada em r\u00e9gua laser e produtividade para betonagem de pavimentos.<\/td><td>M\u00e1quinas compactas, com operador sentado e solu\u00e7\u00f5es para lajes comerciais.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology<\/td><td>Europa e Portugal atrav\u00e9s da rede internacional de distribuidores e apoio remoto.<\/td><td>Gama ampla, certifica\u00e7\u00e3o CE, op\u00e7\u00f5es de personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e suporte t\u00e9cnico internacional.<\/td><td>R\u00e9guas laser de condu\u00e7\u00e3o a p\u00e9, com operador sentado, com lan\u00e7a, alisadoras e m\u00e1quinas de pavimento.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Esta compara\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o elimina a necessidade de confirmar a disponibilidade local antes da compra. Para uma obra urgente em Lisboa, Porto, Braga ou Faro, o fator decisivo pode ser a entrega imediata de pe\u00e7as e a disponibilidade de t\u00e9cnico. Para um investimento de frota, a capacidade de personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, o custo de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e o acesso a forma\u00e7\u00e3o tornam-se igualmente importantes.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es industriais e de infraestrutura<\/h2><p>As r\u00e9guas laser s\u00e3o mais utilizadas em pavimentos onde a superf\u00edcie precisa de ser ampla, cont\u00ednua e tecnicamente controlada. Em centros log\u00edsticos, uma laje regular reduz vibra\u00e7\u00f5es nas empilhadoras e melhora as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de circula\u00e7\u00e3o. Em f\u00e1bricas, ajuda a preparar uma base mais uniforme para m\u00e1quinas, linhas de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e revestimentos industriais.<\/p><p>Em parques de estacionamento, hangares, terminais portu\u00e1rios e plataformas exteriores, o controlo de pendentes \u00e9 essencial para a drenagem. Nos portos de Sines, Set\u00fabal e Leix\u00f5es, as \u00e1reas de circula\u00e7\u00e3o de mercadorias precisam de suportar cargas, intemp\u00e9rie e opera\u00e7\u00f5es repetidas. Embora cada projeto exija c\u00e1lculo estrutural e especifica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00f3pria, o nivelamento autom\u00e1tico pode contribuir para uma execu\u00e7\u00e3o mais consistente.<\/p><p>Em instala\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas e agroindustriais do Alentejo, Ribatejo e Oeste, a m\u00e1quina pode ser utilizada em armaz\u00e9ns, centros de embalamento, zonas de carga e edif\u00edcios de cria\u00e7\u00e3o animal, desde que sejam respeitados os requisitos de drenagem, resist\u00eancia qu\u00edmica e acabamento antiderrapante. No turismo e com\u00e9rcio, \u00e9 \u00fatil em grandes superf\u00edcies, caves, garagens e \u00e1reas t\u00e9cnicas.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Exemplos pr\u00e1ticos de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal<\/h2><p>Num armaz\u00e9m log\u00edstico pr\u00f3ximo da Azambuja, uma empresa pode executar uma laje cont\u00ednua com grande \u00e1rea de circula\u00e7\u00e3o de empilhadores. A utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de r\u00e9gua laser permite manter uma cota regular durante a betonagem, enquanto a equipa de acabamento acompanha o endurecimento do bet\u00e3o. O benef\u00edcio n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas a velocidade: \u00e9 a redu\u00e7\u00e3o do risco de zonas altas, baixas ou com transi\u00e7\u00f5es abruptas.<\/p><p>Numa unidade industrial em Aveiro, onde se pretende instalar equipamentos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e estanterias, o empreiteiro pode recorrer a uma m\u00e1quina com operador sentado para executar \u00e1reas extensas com menos guias f\u00edsicas. A prepara\u00e7\u00e3o da base, o posicionamento das juntas e a cura continuam a ser determinantes, mas o controlo autom\u00e1tico da altura facilita a repetibilidade da opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Num terminal exterior na regi\u00e3o de Sines, a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pode exigir pendentes para escoamento de \u00e1gua. Neste caso, uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o compat\u00edvel com controlo tridimensional pode seguir a geometria prevista pelo levantamento topogr\u00e1fico. A verifica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e9via do modelo digital, das cotas de drenagem e da log\u00edstica de fornecimento de bet\u00e3o \u00e9 indispens\u00e1vel.<\/p><p>Em uma garagem comercial no Porto, onde o acesso \u00e9 limitado por rampas e portas, uma r\u00e9gua laser compacta pode ser mais adequada do que uma m\u00e1quina de grande porte. O objetivo ser\u00e1 melhorar a regularidade da laje sem comprometer a mobilidade no interior do edif\u00edcio.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse: equipamento, coopera\u00e7\u00e3o e assist\u00eancia para compradores portugueses<\/h2><p>A Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology fabrica equipamento para constru\u00e7\u00e3o em bet\u00e3o desde 2013 e disponibiliza r\u00e9guas laser de condu\u00e7\u00e3o a p\u00e9, com operador sentado e com lan\u00e7a, al\u00e9m de alisadoras, m\u00e1quinas de corte, polidoras, espalhadores de endurecedor, m\u00e1quinas de cofragem deslizante e materiais para pavimentos. Para compradores em Portugal, a proposta combina m\u00e1quinas com certifica\u00e7\u00f5es ISO 9001 e CE, mais de 50 patentes de inven\u00e7\u00e3o e mais de 200 patentes de modelos de utilidade e desenho, sistemas de controlo laser, componentes dur\u00e1veis, tecnologia hidr\u00e1ulica e processos de fabrico orientados para estabilidade e precis\u00e3o. A empresa trabalha com utilizadores finais, empreiteiros, distribuidores, revendedores, marcas pr\u00f3prias e compradores individuais atrav\u00e9s de venda direta, fornecimento por grosso, venda a retalho, produ\u00e7\u00e3o OEM e ODM, personaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de marca, op\u00e7\u00f5es de tens\u00e3o e motor, distribui\u00e7\u00e3o regional e coopera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica de longo prazo. A sua rede de distribuidores cobre a Europa, complementada por recursos de assist\u00eancia internacional, equipa com mais de 100 especialistas t\u00e9cnicos, engenheiros e profissionais de p\u00f3s-venda, diagn\u00f3stico remoto, forma\u00e7\u00e3o individual por engenheiros, apoio multilingue durante 24 horas e fornecimento de pe\u00e7as. Esta estrutura permite apoiar clientes portugueses antes da compra, na sele\u00e7\u00e3o, instala\u00e7\u00e3o, coloca\u00e7\u00e3o em servi\u00e7o, forma\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, com experi\u00eancia exportadora para mais de 80 pa\u00edses e regi\u00f5es. A Vanse fornece solu\u00e7\u00f5es EPC, chave-na-m\u00e3o e para instala\u00e7\u00f5es do cliente; n\u00e3o presta servi\u00e7os BOO nem fornecimento a granel no local.<\/p><p>Para conhecer as op\u00e7\u00f5es dispon\u00edveis, consulte a <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">gama de m\u00e1quinas de nivelamento a laser para bet\u00e3o<\/a>. Empresas que procuram produtividade em grandes lajes podem tamb\u00e9m avaliar as <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">r\u00e9guas laser com operador sentado<\/a>, enquanto o planeamento de forma\u00e7\u00e3o, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e acompanhamento pode ser organizado atrav\u00e9s do <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">apoio t\u00e9cnico especializado<\/a>. Informa\u00e7\u00f5es adicionais sobre assist\u00eancia est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis na p\u00e1gina de <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">servi\u00e7os para equipamento de constru\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tend\u00eancias para 2026: precis\u00e3o, sustentabilidade e digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2><p>Em 2026, o mercado de pavimentos em bet\u00e3o dever\u00e1 valorizar ainda mais a redu\u00e7\u00e3o de desperd\u00edcio, a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do controlo de obra e a efici\u00eancia energ\u00e9tica. As empresas de constru\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal enfrentam maior press\u00e3o para cumprir prazos, melhorar a rastreabilidade dos trabalhos e reduzir o consumo desnecess\u00e1rio de materiais.<\/p><p>Uma tend\u00eancia importante \u00e9 a integra\u00e7\u00e3o entre modelos digitais de terreno, controlo tridimensional e m\u00e1quinas de nivelamento. Em obras com pendentes, drenagem ou geometria complexa, os dados podem ser preparados antes da betonagem e utilizados para orientar a m\u00e1quina. Isto reduz a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o manual das cotas e facilita a documenta\u00e7\u00e3o da execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Outra tend\u00eancia \u00e9 a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o preventiva baseada em dados de funcionamento. Horas de motor, estado hidr\u00e1ulico, alertas de temperatura e intervalos de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o podem ajudar a planear interven\u00e7\u00f5es antes de ocorrer uma avaria. Para empresas que trabalham em v\u00e1rias regi\u00f5es portuguesas, esta pr\u00e1tica reduz o risco de imobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o durante uma betonagem cr\u00edtica.<\/p><p>A sustentabilidade tamb\u00e9m influencia a escolha de equipamento. M\u00e1quinas com funcionamento eficiente, menor retrabalho e melhor aproveitamento do bet\u00e3o podem reduzir desperd\u00edcios. Ao mesmo tempo, o uso de fibras de a\u00e7o ou sint\u00e9ticas, aditivos adequados, cura eficiente e desenho correto de juntas pode contribuir para pavimentos mais dur\u00e1veis e com menor necessidade de repara\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Boas pr\u00e1ticas de opera\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2><p>O operador deve inspecionar a m\u00e1quina antes de cada jornada. \u00c9 necess\u00e1rio verificar o n\u00edvel de combust\u00edvel, o \u00f3leo hidr\u00e1ulico, as liga\u00e7\u00f5es el\u00e9tricas, o estado das mangueiras, a limpeza do recetor laser, a fixa\u00e7\u00e3o da l\u00e2mina e o funcionamento dos comandos. A acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de bet\u00e3o endurecido nas partes m\u00f3veis prejudica a precis\u00e3o e aumenta o desgaste.<\/p><p>O emissor laser deve ser protegido contra quedas, \u00e1gua excessiva e impactos. O recetor precisa de estar corretamente alinhado no mastro, pois uma montagem incorreta pode introduzir erro na cota final. Sempre que a m\u00e1quina for transportada ou sofrer um impacto, \u00e9 recomend\u00e1vel repetir a verifica\u00e7\u00e3o de calibra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Ap\u00f3s a betonagem, a limpeza n\u00e3o deve ser adiada. O bet\u00e3o endurecido pode danificar roscas, l\u00e2minas, articula\u00e7\u00f5es e cilindros. A lubrifica\u00e7\u00e3o deve respeitar o plano do fabricante, e as pe\u00e7as de desgaste devem ser substitu\u00eddas antes de comprometerem a qualidade da superf\u00edcie.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Perguntas frequentes<\/h2><h3>Uma r\u00e9gua laser substitui totalmente os trabalhadores de nivelamento?<\/h3><p>N\u00e3o. Reduz o trabalho manual de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e controlo de cota, mas continua a exigir operador qualificado, equipa de betonagem, respons\u00e1veis pelo acabamento, corte de juntas e cura.<\/p><h3>\u00c9 poss\u00edvel utilizar uma r\u00e9gua laser em pequenas obras?<\/h3><p>Sim. M\u00e1quinas compactas ou de condu\u00e7\u00e3o a p\u00e9 podem ser adequadas para \u00e1reas menores, caves, edif\u00edcios comerciais e espa\u00e7os com acessos limitados. A viabilidade depende do volume de trabalho e do custo de mobiliza\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><h3>Qual \u00e9 a precis\u00e3o que uma r\u00e9gua laser pode alcan\u00e7ar?<\/h3><p>Alguns modelos podem trabalhar com precis\u00e3o de n\u00edvel milim\u00e9trica quando est\u00e3o corretamente calibrados e quando a base, o bet\u00e3o, a opera\u00e7\u00e3o e o acabamento s\u00e3o controlados. A toler\u00e2ncia final deve ser definida no projeto.<\/p><h3>Uma r\u00e9gua laser consegue executar pendentes?<\/h3><p>Sim. Para pendentes simples, pode ser configurada uma refer\u00eancia adequada. Para geometrias mais complexas, recomenda-se equipamento compat\u00edvel com controlo tridimensional e prepara\u00e7\u00e3o topogr\u00e1fica.<\/p><h3>Que tipo de bet\u00e3o deve ser utilizado?<\/h3><p>Deve ser utilizado bet\u00e3o definido pelo projeto estrutural e adequado ao m\u00e9todo de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o. A trabalhabilidade, o tempo de transporte, o uso de fibras, os aditivos e a resist\u00eancia prevista devem ser coordenados com a central de bet\u00e3o e a equipa de pavimentos.<\/p><h3>\u00c9 obrigat\u00f3rio ter assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica em Portugal?<\/h3><p>N\u00e3o \u00e9 uma obriga\u00e7\u00e3o universal, mas \u00e9 uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o altamente recomend\u00e1vel. Em obras de pavimento industrial, a disponibilidade de pe\u00e7as, forma\u00e7\u00e3o e resposta a avarias pode proteger o prazo e a qualidade do trabalho.<\/p><h3>Quanto tempo demora a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do operador?<\/h3><p>A forma\u00e7\u00e3o inicial pode ser realizada em poucos dias, mas a experi\u00eancia pr\u00e1tica em diferentes condi\u00e7\u00f5es de bet\u00e3o e obra \u00e9 essencial. O operador deve aprender a calibrar o laser, controlar a velocidade, limpar a m\u00e1quina e identificar sinais de falha.<\/p><h3>Como escolher entre uma m\u00e1quina com operador sentado e uma m\u00e1quina com lan\u00e7a?<\/h3><p>A m\u00e1quina com operador sentado \u00e9 indicada para grande produtividade em \u00e1reas abertas e regulares. A vers\u00e3o com lan\u00e7a \u00e9 vantajosa quando \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio alcan\u00e7ar zonas mais afastadas, contornar obst\u00e1culos ou reduzir a circula\u00e7\u00e3o sobre determinadas partes da laje.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Conclus\u00e3o<\/h2><p>Uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o \u00e9 uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o de nivelamento autom\u00e1tico que utiliza um emissor laser, um recetor e controlo hidr\u00e1ulico para manter a laje na cota definida. Em Portugal, pode ser uma escolha estrat\u00e9gica para empreiteiros que executam pavimentos industriais, centros log\u00edsticos, f\u00e1bricas, terminais, parques de estacionamento e infraestruturas.<\/p><p>O melhor resultado depende de uma escolha correta do tipo de m\u00e1quina, de forma\u00e7\u00e3o adequada, de assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica dispon\u00edvel e de uma prepara\u00e7\u00e3o rigorosa da obra. Para avaliar modelos, aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e op\u00e7\u00f5es de fornecimento, visite o <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">site da Vanse para equipamento de constru\u00e7\u00e3o em bet\u00e3o<\/a> e compare a solu\u00e7\u00e3o com os requisitos concretos do seu projeto.<\/p><\/section>","ar-title":"\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629","ar-meta":"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.","ar-content":"<h1>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h1><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u0647. \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/p><p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u061f<\/h2><p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p><p>\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629\u061f<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631.<\/p><p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0647. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u064a\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h2><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646<\/th><th>\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><td>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td><td>\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td><td>\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628<\/td><td>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/h2><p>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/th><th>\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/th><th>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u0648\u0631\u0634\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/td><td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td><td>\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/td><td>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u00bb \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a. \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/h2><table><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td><td>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641<\/td><td>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td><td>\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td><td>\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/td><td>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643\u061f<\/h2><p>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p><p>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631<\/h2><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647<\/th><th>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/th><th>\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0635\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641\u061f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628<\/td><td>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><td>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/td><td>\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/td><td>\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td><td>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u061f<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/td><td>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/td><td>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629. \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p><ul><li>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/li><li>\u062d\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/h2><p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/th><th>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/th><th>\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635<\/td><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0646\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648<\/td><td>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0627\u063a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0641<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629<\/td><td>\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/td><td>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0628\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636<\/h2><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p><p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644<\/h2><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0639\u0648\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639. \u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/a> \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/h2><p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/service\">\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/a> \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026<\/h2><p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2026 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639.<\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p><p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0644\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0644\u0627. \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644.<\/p><h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0642\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p><h3>\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p><h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062d\u062d \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0632 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629.<\/p><\/section>"},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"Uncategorized"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/vansemac.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/concrete-laser-screed-yz25-490155.jpg",730,730,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"yiyunyingalex","author_link":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/author\/yiyunyingalex\/"},"comment_info":"","category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":72,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":72,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Uncategorized","category_nicename":"uncategorized","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"permalink_manager":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12864"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12864\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13134,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12864\/revisions\/13134"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3463"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12864"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12864"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}