{"id":12862,"date":"2026-10-14T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-14T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/blog\/what-is-a-laser-screed-applications-benefits-and-buyer-considerations"},"modified":"2026-08-20T08:13:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T08:13:07","slug":"what-is-a-laser-screed-applications-benefits-and-buyer-considerations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/blog\/what-is-a-laser-screed-applications-benefits-and-buyer-considerations","title":{"rendered":"What Is a Laser Screed? Applications Benefits and Buyer Considerations"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover what is a laser screed, its working method, types, uses, buyer checks, supplier options, and 2026 trends for concrete projects in the Global market.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3466,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_gspb_post_css":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":{"en-title":"Laser Screed Explained: Global Market Selection Guide","en-meta":"Discover what is a laser screed, its working method, types, uses, buyer checks, supplier options, and 2026 trends for concrete projects in the Global market.","en-content":"<h1>What Is a Laser Screed?<\/h1><section><h2>Quick Answer<\/h2><p>A laser screed is a concrete leveling machine that uses a rotating laser transmitter and machine-mounted receivers to automatically control the elevation of its screed head. It spreads, strikes off, and levels fresh concrete to a preset height, helping contractors achieve flatter slabs with less manual labor than conventional screeding methods.<\/p><p>Laser-guided screeds are commonly used for warehouse floors, logistics centers, factories, airport aprons, industrial yards, retail buildings, parking structures, and large concrete slabs where floor flatness, speed, and labor efficiency matter. Walk-behind models suit smaller or restricted work areas, while ride-on and boom-type laser screeds are preferred for high-output industrial projects.<\/p><p>For buyers in the Global market, the most practical selection process is to match machine reach, daily output, concrete mix, access conditions, laser compatibility, local parts availability, and operator training requirements to the project. Established suppliers from the United States and Europe are often considered for local dealer support, while qualified international manufacturers, including Chinese companies with relevant certifications and strong pre-sales and after-sales support, can offer compelling cost-performance advantages.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>How a Laser Screed Works on Fresh Concrete<\/h2><p>A concrete laser screed combines mechanical placement and leveling functions with automatic elevation control. Before pouring begins, the contractor establishes the desired slab elevation, slope, or profile. A rotating laser transmitter then creates a reference plane across the work area. Receivers mounted on the laser screed detect the laser signal and send elevation information to the machine control system.<\/p><p>When the screed head moves over fresh concrete, hydraulic cylinders raise or lower the head automatically to maintain the specified grade. Depending on the machine design, the screed head may include an auger, plow, vibratory strike-off system, leveling blade, and finishing components. The result is a more consistent surface elevation before final troweling, curing, saw cutting, and joint installation.<\/p><p>Traditional manual screeding depends heavily on skilled workers pulling straightedges or vibrating screeds along guide rails. That approach remains useful for small slabs, repairs, and irregular areas, but it is slower and more labor-intensive on large flatwork projects. A laser screed reduces the dependence on fixed rails and helps crews cover larger areas with repeatable elevation control.<\/p><p>Laser screeding does not eliminate the need for proper concrete placement, mix design, vibration control, edge work, curing, joint design, or final finishing. It is one part of a complete floor-construction process. Poor concrete consistency, inadequate subbase preparation, excessive slump variation, incorrect laser setup, or delayed finishing can still compromise slab quality.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Why Laser Screeds Matter in the Global Market<\/h2><p>Industrial floor construction is increasingly shaped by larger logistics facilities, automated warehouses, cold-storage buildings, manufacturing plants, e-commerce distribution centers, port-side storage yards, and airport infrastructure. Cities and trade hubs such as Rotterdam, Hamburg, Dubai, Jebel Ali, Singapore, Los Angeles, Houston, Toronto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Melbourne, Riyadh, Johannesburg, and Mumbai continue to create demand for large, durable concrete surfaces.<\/p><p>In these projects, flatness affects more than appearance. High-bay warehouses need smooth floors for very-narrow-aisle forklifts, automated guided vehicles, pallet racking systems, and high-frequency material handling. Distribution centers near major ports and rail terminals require slabs that can withstand concentrated wheel loads and repetitive traffic. A more consistent initial screed level helps contractors build a stronger foundation for these operational requirements.<\/p><p>The Global market also faces labor shortages, rising wage costs, and tighter construction schedules. Contractors are therefore investing in equipment that can reduce repetitive manual work while improving production consistency. A laser screed can allow a compact crew to cover more concrete per shift, especially when it is combined with reliable batching, placement, finishing, curing, and jointing processes.<\/p><p>However, a laser screed is not automatically the best choice for every job. Small residential slabs, narrow corridors, heavily obstructed rooms, short repair sections, and highly segmented pours may be more economical with handheld tools, vibrating screeds, or conventional form-based methods. Buyers should evaluate the total project workflow rather than purchase equipment based only on claimed output.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Main Types of Concrete Laser Screeds<\/h2><p>Laser screeds are available in several configurations. The right design depends on slab area, access conditions, reinforcement layout, required reach, desired productivity, transport limitations, and whether the project involves flat floors or complex profiles.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Laser screed type<\/th><th>Typical work environment<\/th><th>Core strengths<\/th><th>Practical limitations<\/th><th>Typical buyer<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Walk-behind laser screed<\/td><td>Small warehouses, workshops, narrow bays, local repairs<\/td><td>Compact footprint, simpler transport, lower purchase cost<\/td><td>Lower daily output and shorter reach than ride-on equipment<\/td><td>Small contractors, rental fleets, regional concrete crews<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ride-on laser screed<\/td><td>Medium and large industrial floors, retail slabs, logistics buildings<\/td><td>High productivity, operator comfort, broad coverage<\/td><td>Needs suitable access, transport planning, and trained operators<\/td><td>Industrial flooring contractors and general contractors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Boom-type laser screed<\/td><td>Large open slabs, warehouses, factories, airport support areas<\/td><td>Long boom reach, fewer machine movements, strong output potential<\/td><td>Requires open working space and careful pour sequencing<\/td><td>High-volume flatwork specialists<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Four-wheel-drive laser screed<\/td><td>Sites with uneven subbase access or challenging travel conditions<\/td><td>Improved mobility and traction during placement<\/td><td>May add machine weight and maintenance requirements<\/td><td>Infrastructure and outdoor concrete contractors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3D-profile-compatible screed<\/td><td>Slopes, drainage areas, pavements, specialized profiles<\/td><td>Can follow digital design data beyond a single flat plane<\/td><td>Requires survey preparation and experienced control setup<\/td><td>Infrastructure contractors and specialist paving teams<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Compact boom laser screed<\/td><td>Commercial interiors, constrained industrial rooms, retrofit projects<\/td><td>Balances automated control with limited access requirements<\/td><td>Not ideal for the largest uninterrupted pours<\/td><td>Concrete contractors serving mixed project sizes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>The table shows why \u201claser screed\u201d should not be treated as one universal machine category. A compact walk-behind model may be the sensible entry point for a contractor serving local commercial work, while a large boom machine can be more suitable for a contractor placing thousands of square meters in a single warehouse pour.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Key Components That Influence Leveling Performance<\/h2><p>The laser transmitter creates the reference plane. It must be positioned securely, protected from accidental movement, and checked regularly during the pour. A disturbed transmitter can affect the entire working area, so crews should assign responsibility for laser control and verification.<\/p><p>Laser receivers are mounted on the screed head or mast system. These receivers identify whether the screed is above, below, or at the target elevation. The control system converts this signal into hydraulic adjustment commands. Reliable sensor response and accurate hydraulic movement are essential for maintaining consistent grade.<\/p><p>The screed head performs the physical work. Its auger or plow moves excess concrete, while vibration and strike-off elements consolidate and level the surface. Head width, vibration performance, blade condition, and boom rigidity all affect the final result. A worn blade, poorly adjusted vibration system, or inconsistent concrete feed can reduce quality even when the laser control is working correctly.<\/p><p>Hydraulic systems control boom movement, screed-head elevation, steering, and travel functions. Buyers should ask about hose quality, cylinder protection, service access, filtration, heat management, and the availability of hydraulic replacement parts. On overseas equipment purchases, access to common service parts can be as important as the purchase price.<\/p><p>The power system affects reliability and jobsite suitability. Diesel-powered machines remain common on open sites because of their endurance and mobility. For enclosed projects, contractors must also consider ventilation, emissions rules, noise restrictions, and local fuel availability. Equipment suppliers should be able to recommend suitable engine and voltage configurations for the destination market.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Applications for Laser Screed Machines<\/h2><p>Laser screeds are most valuable where concrete floors must be placed quickly across broad areas with demanding flatness expectations. Their use is expanding beyond traditional industrial warehouses into infrastructure, commercial, transportation, and specialized slab applications.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Application<\/th><th>Typical project location<\/th><th>Why laser screeding is useful<\/th><th>Important project consideration<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>High-bay warehouses<\/td><td>Logistics parks near Rotterdam, Dubai, Singapore, Dallas, Toronto<\/td><td>Supports flatter slabs for racking, forklifts, and automated handling<\/td><td>Coordinate floor tolerance requirements with rack and vehicle suppliers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Manufacturing plants<\/td><td>Industrial zones in Germany, Mexico, China, India, Brazil<\/td><td>Improves placement speed for large production-floor slabs<\/td><td>Plan joints, machine foundations, pits, and embedded services early<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Distribution centers<\/td><td>Port-adjacent hubs such as Jebel Ali, Long Beach, Hamburg and Santos<\/td><td>Helps contractors maintain productivity on wide slab pours<\/td><td>Verify slab thickness, loading design, curing, and traffic requirements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Airport and terminal yards<\/td><td>Runway support zones, cargo aprons, terminal logistics areas<\/td><td>Useful for extensive concrete areas and grade-controlled surfaces<\/td><td>May require 3D control, engineering approval, and special concrete mixes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commercial buildings<\/td><td>Shopping centers, exhibition halls, retail developments<\/td><td>Reduces manual screeding effort in large open floor plates<\/td><td>Confirm access through doors, ramps, columns, and service openings<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Parking structures<\/td><td>Airports, hospitals, malls, urban mixed-use developments<\/td><td>Can improve consistency on broad parking decks and ramps<\/td><td>Drainage slopes and waterproofing details need precise coordination<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cold-storage facilities<\/td><td>Food logistics clusters and refrigerated distribution centers<\/td><td>Supports rapid slab construction before equipment installation<\/td><td>Use a floor system designed for thermal movement and insulation needs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>These applications demonstrate that laser screeding is not solely about speed. In large facilities, better initial leveling can make subsequent finishing more efficient and reduce the risk of local high or low areas that complicate operations, coatings, racking installation, or material-handling performance.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>How to Choose the Right Laser Screed<\/h2><p>Start with the slab rather than the machine. Determine the average pour size, maximum uninterrupted pour area, slab thickness, concrete delivery rate, reinforcement arrangement, access width, elevation tolerance, and finishing sequence. A machine that is too small can become a bottleneck, while an oversized unit can be difficult to transport, operate, and justify economically.<\/p><p>Next, evaluate the project workflow. A laser screed works best when concrete arrives consistently, labor is organized, the base is ready, pump or truck discharge is coordinated, and finishers can follow the screeding operation without delay. The machine cannot compensate for a weak supply chain or poor site preparation.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Buying factor<\/th><th>Questions to ask<\/th><th>Why it matters<\/th><th>Recommended buyer action<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Working reach<\/td><td>How far must the screed head reach from each machine position?<\/td><td>Determines pour coverage and repositioning frequency<\/td><td>Match boom length to bay width, obstacles, and planned pour strips<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Daily output target<\/td><td>How many square meters must be placed per shift?<\/td><td>Influences machine size, crew planning, and return on investment<\/td><td>Use realistic concrete supply and finishing capacity, not maximum claims<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flatness requirement<\/td><td>Is the floor conventional, high-tolerance, or automation-ready?<\/td><td>Different floors require different control and finishing discipline<\/td><td>Confirm tolerance criteria with the project engineer and end user<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laser and 3D controls<\/td><td>Is a flat laser plane sufficient, or are slopes and profiles needed?<\/td><td>Control-system capability affects application range<\/td><td>Specify compatible transmitters, receivers, and 3D options before ordering<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Service access<\/td><td>Who will provide maintenance, commissioning, and emergency parts?<\/td><td>Downtime during a concrete pour can be expensive<\/td><td>Request service contacts, spare-parts lists, and response procedures<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transport and site access<\/td><td>What truck, trailer, ramp, doorway, or lift restrictions apply?<\/td><td>Large machines can be difficult to move between projects<\/td><td>Check dimensions, weight, loading points, and turning radius<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operator training<\/td><td>Does the team understand laser setup, hydraulics, and daily checks?<\/td><td>Operator skill directly affects productivity and slab consistency<\/td><td>Include on-site or remote training in the procurement scope<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lifecycle cost<\/td><td>What are the costs of filters, blades, tires, sensors, and repairs?<\/td><td>Purchase price alone does not define project profitability<\/td><td>Compare total ownership cost across three to five years<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>The table provides a practical procurement framework. Contractors should use it when comparing quotations from local dealers, rental suppliers, and direct manufacturers. The lowest machine price may not be the lowest operating cost if parts are unavailable or training is insufficient.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Top Laser Screed Suppliers for the Global Market<\/h2><p>The following companies are widely associated with concrete floor equipment, laser screeding, or industrial slab-construction solutions. Product availability, regional dealer coverage, and exact model specifications can vary by country, so buyers should verify current local representation, certification requirements, shipping arrangements, and training support before signing a purchase contract.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Company<\/th><th>Primary service regions<\/th><th>Core strengths<\/th><th>Key offerings<\/th><th>Best suited for<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East, global dealer markets<\/td><td>Long-established concrete leveling specialization and broad laser screed experience<\/td><td>Boom screeds, ride-on screeds, floor leveling technology, training support<\/td><td>Large industrial flooring contractors and high-output slab specialists<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine International<\/td><td>United States and international distribution markets<\/td><td>Known for compact and mid-size laser screed solutions for concrete contractors<\/td><td>Laser-guided screeds, compact slab leveling equipment, contractor-focused support<\/td><td>Contractors seeking maneuverable equipment for varied slab sizes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen Engineering Corporation<\/td><td>North America, Latin America, Middle East, selected global distributors<\/td><td>Broad concrete finishing equipment portfolio and contractor familiarity<\/td><td>Concrete finishing machines, ride-on equipment, screeding and slab tools<\/td><td>Buyers building a complete finishing-equipment fleet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology Co., Ltd.<\/td><td>Global market, including North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Middle East<\/td><td>Laser screed range, customization capability, international export experience and service resources<\/td><td>Walk-behind, ride-on and boom-type laser screeds; power trowels; grinders; cutters<\/td><td>Contractors, distributors, OEM buyers, rental fleets, and project suppliers<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson<\/td><td>Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and global dealer networks<\/td><td>Recognized construction-equipment distribution and compaction expertise<\/td><td>Concrete vibrators, trowels, compaction equipment, jobsite support products<\/td><td>Contractors requiring broader site equipment alongside floor tools<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Multiquip<\/td><td>North America and international dealer-supported markets<\/td><td>Well-known jobsite equipment range and established distribution channels<\/td><td>Concrete finishing equipment, vibrators, pumps, generators, light towers<\/td><td>General contractors and rental companies needing fleet compatibility<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>This supplier comparison is intended to help buyers build a shortlist, not to declare one machine universally superior. Somero and Ligchine are frequently evaluated for specialized laser screed applications. Allen Engineering, Wacker Neuson, and Multiquip can be relevant where a buyer also needs a broader concrete equipment ecosystem. Vanse is particularly relevant for buyers seeking direct factory supply, customized configurations, distributor cooperation, or a wider combination of laser screeds and industrial-floor equipment.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse Laser Screed Solutions and Global Service Support<\/h2><p>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. has operated in concrete construction equipment since 2013 and supplies walk-behind, ride-on, and boom-type concrete laser screeds for industrial flooring, logistics facilities, factories, terminal yards, roads, bridges, and large slab projects. Its equipment development combines laser control systems, hydraulic technology, durable structural design, and reliable engine configurations selected for project and market needs. Vanse supports its manufacturing claims with ISO 9001 and CE certifications, more than 50 invention patents, and over 200 utility model and design patents, while its testing and production practices focus on leveling accuracy, operational stability, and jobsite durability. For buyers across the Global market, Vanse serves end users, concrete contractors, distributors, dealers, rental companies, brand owners, and individual buyers through direct sales, wholesale, retail, OEM and customized branding, regional distribution partnerships, customized voltage and engine options, and project-based equipment supply. Its overseas service commitment is supported by operations and service resources in Southeast Asia and Canada, dealer networks across North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, plus multilingual 24-hour technical consultation, remote diagnosis, spare-parts support, commissioning, and operator training. This is not a remote-export-only model: Vanse has exported to more than 80 countries and regions and maintains long-term market experience through local dealer channels, regional support resources, and one-to-one engineering assistance. The company provides EPC, turnkey, and customer-owned plant solutions where relevant to concrete construction projects, but does not provide BOO or on-site bulk supply services.<\/p><p>Buyers can review Vanse\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">concrete laser leveling machine range<\/a> when comparing screed formats and project capacities. Contractors evaluating larger industrial slabs can also examine the available <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">ride-on laser screed options<\/a> for high-output floor placement.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Operating Practices That Protect Floor Quality<\/h2><p>Accurate laser screeding begins before the machine enters the slab. The subbase should be compacted, trimmed, and checked for elevation. Vapor barriers, insulation, reinforcement, dowels, embedded conduits, joint assemblies, and edge forms must be installed correctly. If the substrate is inconsistent, the finished slab may still face settlement or cracking risks regardless of screeding accuracy.<\/p><p>Concrete consistency is equally important. Large variations in slump, aggregate grading, admixture dosage, temperature, or delivery timing can make it harder to achieve a uniform surface. The screed operator should communicate continuously with the placing crew and finishing team. Concrete should be discharged in a controlled manner so the screed head receives enough material without excessive piles or starvation.<\/p><p>During the pour, crews should verify the transmitter location and benchmark elevation regularly. The operator should inspect screed-head condition, hydraulic response, travel path, fuel level, receiver alignment, and vibration settings before starting. A brief daily inspection can prevent costly disruption during a time-sensitive concrete placement operation.<\/p><p>After laser screeding, final finishing must be timed according to the concrete\u2019s set characteristics and ambient conditions. Excessive finishing while bleed water is present can weaken the surface. Delayed finishing can make the slab difficult to close properly. Curing should begin as specified by the project design, followed by saw cutting or joint treatment at the correct time.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Representative Project Scenarios<\/h2><p>In a large logistics warehouse near a port such as Antwerp, Singapore, or Jebel Ali, a boom-type laser screed can be positioned to cover wide pour strips with fewer moves. The contractor may use the machine to maintain consistent elevation across a large slab while finishing crews follow behind with ride-on power trowels. The key success factors are dependable concrete supply, a planned joint layout, sufficient curing materials, and coordination with racking-system requirements.<\/p><p>For a manufacturing expansion in Monterrey, Mexico, Pune, India, or Ho Chi Minh City, a ride-on laser screed may be selected because it balances output with mobility around columns, pits, service trenches, and equipment bases. Before procurement, the contractor should assess whether the boom reach can cover typical bay sizes and whether local technicians can support hydraulic and laser-control maintenance.<\/p><p>For a commercial floor renovation in London, Toronto, Sydney, or Dubai, a compact or walk-behind laser screed may be more practical. Doorway widths, floor loading limits, elevator access, ventilation, and internal logistics may prevent the use of a large ride-on machine. In this case, the buyer should prioritize maneuverability and transportability over maximum theoretical production.<\/p><p>For drainage-controlled yards, ramps, and infrastructure slabs, a 3D-compatible control system can be more suitable than a simple flat-plane laser setup. Project teams should prepare digital design data, establish survey controls, and confirm the required drainage gradients before the pour. A high-capacity machine without the correct control system will not solve profile-control challenges.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>2026 Trends in Laser Screeding and Concrete Floors<\/h2><p>By 2026, laser screed purchasing decisions will increasingly be linked to digital construction workflows. Contractors are adopting machine-control systems that can work with digital site models, 3D profiles, survey data, and quality records. This trend is especially relevant for infrastructure projects, airport pavements, drainage areas, and logistics developments where design complexity is increasing.<\/p><p>Automation will continue to influence floor specifications. Warehouses using autonomous mobile robots, automated guided vehicles, high-reach forklifts, and robotic storage systems need more predictable floor performance. Laser screeding helps establish controlled slab elevation, but it must be combined with proper floor design, curing, joint planning, and post-construction measurement to meet the needs of automated operations.<\/p><p>Sustainability is also becoming a procurement factor. Contractors are exploring lower-carbon concrete mixes, supplementary cementitious materials, recycled aggregates, optimized slab thicknesses, and longer-lasting joint systems. These mixes can behave differently during placing and finishing, making machine adjustment and operator experience more important. Efficient laser screeding can help reduce rework, improve placement efficiency, and support more controlled material use.<\/p><p>Policy trends may affect equipment selection through diesel emissions standards, workplace noise rules, safety requirements, import documentation, CE-related expectations, and local training obligations. Buyers should confirm whether a machine\u2019s engine configuration, safety guarding, electrical components, and documentation are suitable for the destination country before shipment.<\/p><p>Another 2026 trend is the growing expectation of responsive technical support. Contractors increasingly want video troubleshooting, remote diagnosis, fast spare-parts dispatch, local dealer inventory, and documented maintenance plans. A machine supplier should be evaluated as a long-term service partner rather than only a one-time equipment seller.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Questions to Ask Before You Buy<\/h2><p>Ask the supplier for a clear description of the machine\u2019s working reach, screed-head width, control system, travel system, engine configuration, overall dimensions, weight, shipping method, and recommended daily maintenance. Request demonstration videos or live video inspections showing elevation-control response, boom movement, screed-head operation, and access to service points.<\/p><p>Ask whether the quoted package includes a laser transmitter, receivers, spare sensors, tool kit, operator manual, initial filters, wearable parts, and commissioning support. Some quotations cover only the base machine, while others include a more complete operating package. Comparing incomplete and complete quotations can lead to misleading price conclusions.<\/p><p>Ask for the spare-parts list most likely to be needed during the first two years of operation. This should include filters, hydraulic hoses, seals, blades, vibration-related wear parts, sensor components, electrical relays, and control-system accessories. Contractors operating in remote regions should consider ordering a recommended parts package with the machine.<\/p><p>Ask how training will be delivered. The best training covers machine operation, laser setup, calibration checks, daily inspection, safe transport, hydraulic troubleshooting, concrete placement coordination, and shutdown procedures. Buyers can learn more about available support through Vanse\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">technical service resources<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>FAQ<\/h2><h3>Is a laser screed the same as a power trowel?<\/h3><p>No. A laser screed levels and strikes off fresh concrete to a target elevation. A power trowel is used later in the finishing process to float and finish the concrete surface. Large industrial floor projects often use both types of equipment in sequence.<\/p><h3>Can a laser screed improve floor flatness?<\/h3><p>Yes, it can improve consistency in initial slab elevation and reduce reliance on manual screeding. Final floor flatness still depends on concrete quality, placing methods, finishing, curing, jointing, slab design, and operator skill.<\/p><h3>What size project justifies buying a laser screed?<\/h3><p>There is no fixed project size. Purchase decisions should be based on annual concrete volume, average slab area, labor costs, rental availability, required tolerances, and expected utilization. Rental may be appropriate for occasional work, while ownership can be justified for frequent industrial floor projects.<\/p><h3>Can laser screeds work on sloped slabs?<\/h3><p>Yes, but the required control method matters. A basic rotating laser is suitable for a flat reference plane. Slopes, drainage profiles, and more complex elevations may require advanced control systems or 3D profiling compatibility.<\/p><h3>Do laser screeds reduce labor requirements?<\/h3><p>They can reduce the number of workers needed for repetitive manual screeding and improve crew productivity. They do not eliminate the need for concrete placers, finishers, laser-control personnel, quality inspectors, and curing crews.<\/p><h3>What maintenance does a laser screed need?<\/h3><p>Routine maintenance generally includes cleaning concrete residue, inspecting blades and wear parts, checking hydraulic oil and hoses, servicing filters, verifying receiver alignment, inspecting electrical connections, lubricating moving points, and following engine-service intervals.<\/p><h3>Are Chinese laser screeds suitable for international projects?<\/h3><p>They can be suitable when the manufacturer provides relevant certifications, clear technical documentation, compatible components, spare-parts support, operator training, and responsive after-sales service. Buyers should assess the supplier\u2019s export experience and regional service capability, not only the quoted price.<\/p><h3>Where can I learn more about Vanse equipment?<\/h3><p>Visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse machinery website<\/a> for product information, or review the company\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">company profile and international support background<\/a> when evaluating a supplier for concrete construction equipment.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Final Buying Perspective<\/h2><p>A laser screed is an automated concrete leveling machine designed to help contractors place flatter, more consistent slabs with higher efficiency. It is most valuable on industrial floors and large concrete projects where labor savings, productivity, and elevation control have measurable commercial value.<\/p><p>For Global market buyers, the best purchase decision comes from matching machine type to real project conditions, confirming local service and spare-parts access, verifying certifications and control compatibility, and including training in the supply package. Whether sourcing from a local dealer, a recognized international brand, or a direct manufacturer such as Vanse, buyers should evaluate the full operating solution rather than the equipment price alone.<\/p><\/section>","de-title":"Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Beton: Ratgeber f\u00fcr Deutschland","de-meta":"Erfahren Sie, was ein Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Beton ist, wie er arbeitet und worauf Bauunternehmen in Deutschland bei Auswahl, Einsatz, Genauigkeit und Service achten sollten.","de-content":"<h1>Was ist ein Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Beton?<\/h1><section><h2>Schnelle Antwort<\/h2><p>Ein Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Beton ist eine maschinelle Nivellier- und Abziehtechnik f\u00fcr frischen Beton. Ein rotierender Laser liefert eine H\u00f6henreferenz, w\u00e4hrend Sensoren und eine hydraulisch gesteuerte Abziehbohle die Betonoberfl\u00e4che automatisch auf die vorgegebene Sollh\u00f6he bringen. Dadurch entstehen gro\u00dffl\u00e4chige Industrieb\u00f6den, Lagerhallenplatten, Logistikfl\u00e4chen oder Verkehrsfl\u00e4chen mit hoher Ebenheit, geringerer k\u00f6rperlicher Arbeit und deutlich reproduzierbareren Ergebnissen als beim rein manuellen Abziehen.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Bauunternehmen in Deutschland ist ein lasergef\u00fchrtes Betonabziehsystem besonders sinnvoll, wenn gr\u00f6\u00dfere zusammenh\u00e4ngende Betonfl\u00e4chen mit engen Ebenheitsanforderungen hergestellt werden. Entscheidend sind nicht nur die Maschine, sondern auch ein sauber vorbereiteter Untergrund, eine abgestimmte Betonrezeptur, geschulte Bediener, funktionierende Lasertechnik und ein verl\u00e4sslicher Ersatzteilservice. Neben etablierten europ\u00e4ischen und nordamerikanischen Anbietern k\u00f6nnen qualifizierte internationale Hersteller, darunter chinesische Unternehmen mit CE-Kennzeichnung, dokumentierter Qualit\u00e4tssicherung sowie belastbarem Vor- und Kundendienst, wegen ihres Preis-Leistungs-Verh\u00e4ltnisses eine wirtschaftliche Option sein.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Grundprinzip und Arbeitsweise<\/h2><p>Beim Betonieren gro\u00dfer Bodenplatten muss die Oberfl\u00e4che innerhalb enger H\u00f6hen- und Ebenheitstoleranzen liegen. Ein herk\u00f6mmlicher Handabzug mit Richtscheit, R\u00fcttelbohle oder Schwinglatte kann auf kleineren Fl\u00e4chen funktionieren, wird bei Hallen, Verteilzentren und Produktionsgeb\u00e4uden jedoch schnell personalintensiv. Au\u00dferdem h\u00e4ngt das Ergebnis stark von Erfahrung, Tagesform und Abstimmung der Kolonne ab. Ein Laserabzieher standardisiert diesen Schritt.<\/p><p>Der Baustellenlaser erzeugt eine exakt definierte horizontale Ebene oder \u2013 bei geeigneter Steuerung \u2013 eine dreidimensional modellierte H\u00f6henf\u00fchrung. An der Maschine erfassen Empf\u00e4nger die Laserreferenz. Das Steuerungssystem vergleicht fortlaufend Soll- und Isth\u00f6he und regelt die Hydraulik nach. Die Abziehbohle verteilt Beton, nimmt \u00dcberschussmaterial ab, verdichtet die obere Zone und hinterl\u00e4sst eine gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Fl\u00e4che f\u00fcr den anschlie\u00dfenden Gl\u00e4ttvorgang. Je nach Maschinentyp f\u00e4hrt der Bediener auf der Maschine mit, f\u00fchrt sie hinterher oder steuert einen Ausleger von einer festen Position aus.<\/p><p>Die erreichbare Qualit\u00e4t wird nicht allein durch die Lasertechnik bestimmt. Besonders wichtig sind Tragf\u00e4higkeit und Ebenheit des Unterbaus, die Dicke der Platte, die Konsistenz des Betons, die richtige Einbaugeschwindigkeit, der Zeitpunkt der Nachbearbeitung und die Planung der Fugen. In Deutschland sollten Planer und Ausf\u00fchrende die Anforderungen aus Leistungsbeschreibung, Statik, Bodenplanung und geltenden technischen Regelwerken vor dem Betoniertag eindeutig festlegen.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Warum der Markt in Deutschland w\u00e4chst<\/h2><p>Deutschland verf\u00fcgt \u00fcber eine hohe Dichte an Industrie-, Logistik- und Gewerbeobjekten. Rund um Hamburg, Bremen, Duisburg, K\u00f6ln, Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, N\u00fcrnberg, Stuttgart und M\u00fcnchen entstehen oder modernisieren sich laufend Distributionszentren, Produktionshallen, K\u00fchlh\u00e4user, Werkst\u00e4tten und Umschlagfl\u00e4chen. Besonders in Hafenn\u00e4he, an Autobahnkorridoren und in gro\u00dfen Gewerbeparks verlangen Investoren leistungsf\u00e4hige und ebene Betonb\u00f6den, weil sie den Betrieb von Hochregallagern, Flurf\u00f6rderzeugen, automatisierten Regalsystemen und schweren Maschinen beeinflussen.<\/p><p>Ein Laserabzieher kann Bauabl\u00e4ufe in diesen Projekten beschleunigen. Statt mehrere Fachkr\u00e4fte dauerhaft f\u00fcr H\u00f6henkontrolle und Abziehen einzusetzen, \u00fcbernimmt das System die wiederkehrende H\u00f6henregelung. Die Kolonne kann sich st\u00e4rker auf Betonlogistik, Randbereiche, Bewehrung, Nachbehandlung und Qualit\u00e4tskontrolle konzentrieren. Das verbessert die Planbarkeit, insbesondere wenn Betonlieferungen zeitlich eng getaktet aus Betonwerken in Ballungsr\u00e4umen erfolgen.<\/p><p>Gleichzeitig steigt die Bedeutung einer nachvollziehbaren Qualit\u00e4tssicherung. Bauherren erwarten belastbare Pr\u00fcfprotokolle, dokumentierte Ebenheitsmessungen und eine klare Zuordnung von Verantwortlichkeiten. Ein lasergef\u00fchrtes Abziehsystem ersetzt keine Baustellenleitung und keine Vermessung, erleichtert aber die Umsetzung eines wiederholbaren Einbauprozesses. F\u00fcr Unternehmen, die regelm\u00e4\u00dfig Bodenplatten herstellen, kann sich die Investition deshalb \u00fcber h\u00f6here Tagesleistungen, weniger Nacharbeit und eine bessere Marktposition amortisieren.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Maschinenarten f\u00fcr unterschiedliche Baustellen<\/h2><p>Die Auswahl beginnt mit der Fl\u00e4chengr\u00f6\u00dfe, der Geometrie, der t\u00e4glichen Betonmenge und den Anforderungen an die Ebenheit. Eine zu gro\u00dfe Maschine ist auf verwinkelten Fl\u00e4chen unproduktiv; eine zu kleine Maschine kann den Betonierfortschritt auf einer Logistikplatte ausbremsen. Auch Zufahrten, Hallentore, Bewehrungsdichte, St\u00fctzenraster und die Position der Betonpumpe m\u00fcssen ber\u00fccksichtigt werden.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Maschinenart<\/th><th>Typischer Einsatz<\/th><th>St\u00e4rke<\/th><th>Grenze<\/th><th>Geeignete Projekte<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Handgef\u00fchrter Laserabzieher<\/td><td>Kleinere bis mittlere Fl\u00e4chen<\/td><td>Wendig, vergleichsweise leicht zu transportieren<\/td><td>Geringere Tagesleistung<\/td><td>Werkst\u00e4tten, Anbauten, kleinere Hallen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aufsitz-Laserabzieher<\/td><td>Gro\u00dfe offene Innenfl\u00e4chen<\/td><td>Hohe Leistung und gleichm\u00e4\u00dfiger Arbeitsrhythmus<\/td><td>Ben\u00f6tigt ausreichend Bewegungsraum<\/td><td>Lagerhallen, Produktionsst\u00e4tten, Verteilzentren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ausleger-Laserabzieher<\/td><td>Komplexe oder sehr gro\u00dfe Bereiche<\/td><td>Gro\u00dfe Reichweite bei fester Maschinenposition<\/td><td>Anspruchsvollere Einsatzplanung<\/td><td>Flughafenvorfelder, Terminalfl\u00e4chen, Hallenplatten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Modellgesteuertes System<\/td><td>Fl\u00e4chen mit Gef\u00e4lle oder Profilierung<\/td><td>Umsetzung digitaler H\u00f6henmodelle<\/td><td>Vermessungs- und Datenkompetenz erforderlich<\/td><td>Rampen, Verkehrsfl\u00e4chen, Entw\u00e4sserungszonen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kompaktmaschine<\/td><td>Beengte Baustellen<\/td><td>Passt durch kleinere Zufahrten und Hallenbereiche<\/td><td>Kleinerer Arbeitsbereich<\/td><td>Umbauten, Teilfl\u00e4chen, Innenh\u00f6fe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Gro\u00dffl\u00e4chenmaschine<\/td><td>Serielle Bodenplatten<\/td><td>Hohe Betonabnahme und weniger \u00dcberg\u00e4nge<\/td><td>H\u00f6here Investitions- und Logistikkosten<\/td><td>Industrieparks, Gro\u00dflager, Verkehrsfl\u00e4chen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle zeigt, dass nicht die gr\u00f6\u00dftm\u00f6gliche Maschine automatisch die beste Wahl ist. F\u00fcr ein Bauunternehmen mit vielen kleineren Gewerbefl\u00e4chen kann eine kompakte handgef\u00fchrte L\u00f6sung wirtschaftlicher sein. Ein Spezialist f\u00fcr Hallenb\u00f6den mit mehreren zehntausend Quadratmetern pro Jahr profitiert dagegen h\u00e4ufig von einer Aufsitz- oder Auslegermaschine. Vor dem Kauf sollte die reale Jahresauslastung in Quadratmetern betrachtet werden, nicht nur die gr\u00f6\u00dfte geplante Einzelbaustelle.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Wichtige Bauteile und ihr Einfluss auf das Ergebnis<\/h2><p>Ein professioneller Laserabzieher besteht aus mehr als einer Abziehbohle. Die Qualit\u00e4t der Hydraulik, die Steifigkeit des Rahmens, die Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit des Motors, die Pr\u00e4zision der Sensorik und die Verf\u00fcgbarkeit von Verschlei\u00dfteilen wirken direkt auf den Baustellenbetrieb. Beim Vergleich mehrerer Angebote sollten Eink\u00e4ufer technische Daten nicht isoliert lesen, sondern die gesamte Ausf\u00fchrung bewerten.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Bauteil<\/th><th>Funktion<\/th><th>Worauf K\u00e4ufer achten sollten<\/th><th>Auswirkung auf die Baustelle<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Rotationslaser<\/td><td>Definiert die H\u00f6henreferenz<\/td><td>Reichweite, Genauigkeit, Schutz gegen Baustelleneinfl\u00fcsse<\/td><td>Stabile und wiederholbare H\u00f6henf\u00fchrung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laserempf\u00e4nger<\/td><td>Erfasst die Referenzh\u00f6he an der Maschine<\/td><td>Empfindlichkeit, Kalibrierbarkeit, Ersatzverf\u00fcgbarkeit<\/td><td>Pr\u00e4zise hydraulische Nachregelung<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydrauliksystem<\/td><td>Steuert Bohle, Hub und Arbeitsbewegungen<\/td><td>Dichtheit, Komponentenqualit\u00e4t, Wartungszugang<\/td><td>Ruhiger Betrieb und weniger Stillst\u00e4nde<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abziehbohle<\/td><td>Verteilt und nivelliert Frischbeton<\/td><td>Steifigkeit, Verschlei\u00dfschutz, Arbeitsbreite<\/td><td>Gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Oberfl\u00e4che und weniger Nacharbeit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Antriebseinheit<\/td><td>Versorgt Fahrwerk und Hydraulik<\/td><td>Leistung, Verbrauch, lokale Wartungsf\u00e4higkeit<\/td><td>Verl\u00e4ssliche Leistung \u00fcber lange Betoniertage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Steuerung<\/td><td>Verkn\u00fcpft Sensorik und Maschinenbewegung<\/td><td>Bedienbarkeit, Diagnosefunktionen, Datenschnittstellen<\/td><td>Schnellere Einarbeitung und bessere Fehleranalyse<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fahrwerk oder Raupenlaufwerk<\/td><td>Positioniert die Maschine auf der Fl\u00e4che<\/td><td>Bodendruck, Traktion, Schutz frischer Betonbereiche<\/td><td>Sicheres Arbeiten auf vorbereitetem Untergrund<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>F\u00fcr deutsche Baustellen sind au\u00dferdem Betriebsanleitung, Sicherheitskennzeichnung, Konformit\u00e4tsunterlagen und eine nachvollziehbare Ersatzteilstruktur relevant. Werden Maschine und Lasersystem getrennt beschafft, sollte vorab gekl\u00e4rt werden, wer f\u00fcr die technische Abstimmung, Montage, Kalibrierung und sp\u00e4tere St\u00f6rungsdiagnose verantwortlich ist. Eine Maschine mit hochwertigen Einzelkomponenten bleibt nur dann produktiv, wenn der Betreiber diese Komponenten auch schnell warten und ersetzen kann.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Kaufberatung f\u00fcr Bauunternehmen und Vermieter<\/h2><p>Die Anschaffung sollte auf einer konkreten Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung beruhen. Dazu geh\u00f6ren Jahresfl\u00e4che, durchschnittliche Plattendicke, Betonierfenster, Personalbedarf, Maschinenstunden, Transportkosten, m\u00f6gliche Mieterl\u00f6se und erwartete Wartungskosten. Wer nur wenige Projekte pro Jahr ausf\u00fchrt, sollte den Vergleich zwischen Kauf, Miete und Zusammenarbeit mit einem spezialisierten Bodenbauunternehmen offen pr\u00fcfen.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Pr\u00fcffeld<\/th><th>Frage vor dem Kauf<\/th><th>Praktische Empfehlung<\/th><th>Typischer Fehler<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Fl\u00e4chenleistung<\/td><td>Wie viele Quadratmeter werden j\u00e4hrlich betoniert?<\/td><td>Leistung mit realen Baustellenbedingungen kalkulieren<\/td><td>Nur theoretische Tageswerte vergleichen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Betonrezeptur<\/td><td>Welche Konsistenz und Zuschl\u00e4ge werden verwendet?<\/td><td>Vorf\u00fchrung mit vergleichbarem Beton vereinbaren<\/td><td>Maschine ohne Praxistest ausw\u00e4hlen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ebenheitsziel<\/td><td>Welche Toleranzen fordert der Auftrag?<\/td><td>Messmethode vor Beginn schriftlich festlegen<\/td><td>Nur von \u201esehr eben\u201c sprechen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Baustellenzugang<\/td><td>Wie gelangt die Maschine in die Halle?<\/td><td>T\u00fcrbreiten, Tragf\u00e4higkeit und Transportweg pr\u00fcfen<\/td><td>Logistik erst nach Lieferung planen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Service<\/td><td>Wer hilft bei Ausfall w\u00e4hrend des Betonierens?<\/td><td>Reaktionszeit, Fernhilfe und Teilebestand vereinbaren<\/td><td>Nur den Anschaffungspreis bewerten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bedienpersonal<\/td><td>Wer f\u00e4hrt und kalibriert die Maschine?<\/td><td>Einweisung mit realer Baustellen\u00fcbung einplanen<\/td><td>Schulung als nebens\u00e4chlich behandeln<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Folgekosten<\/td><td>Welche Verschlei\u00df- und Wartungskosten entstehen?<\/td><td>Teileliste und Wartungsplan anfordern<\/td><td>Nur den Grundpreis vergleichen<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Ein sinnvoller Beschaffungsprozess umfasst eine Vorf\u00fchrung, die Pr\u00fcfung der technischen Dokumentation, eine Kl\u00e4rung der Garantiebedingungen und eine Einweisung der Bediener. Bei Importmaschinen sind zus\u00e4tzlich Lieferzeit, Transportversicherung, Zollabwicklung, Ersatzteilbevorratung und die konkrete Ansprechpartnerstruktur in Europa wichtig. Wer eine Maschine \u00fcber einen H\u00e4ndler bezieht, sollte festhalten, ob der H\u00e4ndler auch die Inbetriebnahme, Wartung und Gew\u00e4hrleistungsabwicklung \u00fcbernimmt.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Typische Branchen und Einsatzfelder<\/h2><p>Lasergef\u00fchrte Betonabzieher werden vor allem dort eingesetzt, wo gro\u00dfe Betonfl\u00e4chen z\u00fcgig und mit hoher Ebenheit hergestellt werden m\u00fcssen. In der industriellen Bodenplatte wirkt sich die Ebenheit sp\u00e4ter auf Fahrkomfort, Reifenverschlei\u00df, Regaltechnik, F\u00f6rderanlagen und Betriebssicherheit aus. Besonders bei automatisierten Lagerprozessen kann eine ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Fl\u00e4che Folgekosten verursachen.<\/p><ul><li>Produktionshallen f\u00fcr Maschinenbau, Lebensmittelverarbeitung und Fahrzeugtechnik<\/li><li>Logistikzentren, Hochregallager und Paketumschlagfl\u00e4chen<\/li><li>Gro\u00dfm\u00e4rkte, M\u00f6belh\u00e4user und gewerbliche Verkaufsfl\u00e4chen<\/li><li>Werkst\u00e4tten, Reparaturzentren und Fahrzeugdepots<\/li><li>Flughafenvorfelder, Terminalbereiche und Wartungsfl\u00e4chen<\/li><li>Containerumschlagfl\u00e4chen in Hafenregionen wie Hamburg und Bremen<\/li><li>Parkh\u00e4user, Ladeh\u00f6fe und schwere Au\u00dfenverkehrsfl\u00e4chen<\/li><li>Infrastrukturprojekte, Br\u00fcckenanschl\u00fcsse und Stra\u00dfenbauabschnitte<\/li><\/ul><p>F\u00fcr kleinere Wohnungsbauprojekte ist ein Laserabzieher nicht immer notwendig. Sobald jedoch zusammenh\u00e4ngende Fl\u00e4chen, hohe Betonmengen oder enge Toleranzen auftreten, kann die Technik deutliche Vorteile bieten. Auch bei Bodenplatten mit Stahlfasern oder synthetischen Fasern ist eine abgestimmte Einbautechnik wichtig, damit die Oberfl\u00e4che gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig bearbeitet und die sp\u00e4tere Nutzung nicht beeintr\u00e4chtigt wird.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Praxisbeispiele aus typischen deutschen Projekten<\/h2><p>Ein Logistikzentrum im Raum Duisburg ben\u00f6tigt eine gro\u00dffl\u00e4chige Bodenplatte f\u00fcr Staplerverkehr und Regalanlagen. Der Beton wird abschnittsweise gepumpt, die Fugenplanung ist vorab festgelegt und die Ebenheitsanforderung wird mit dem Bauherrn abgestimmt. Ein Aufsitz-Laserabzieher kann hier den Einbau innerhalb der einzelnen Felder beschleunigen, w\u00e4hrend ein zweites Team die Randzonen, Einbauteile und \u00dcberg\u00e4nge bearbeitet. Entscheidend ist ein ausreichender Betonpuffer, damit die Maschine nicht wegen Lieferunterbrechungen stillsteht.<\/p><p>Bei einer Produktionshallenerweiterung im Gro\u00dfraum Stuttgart sind die Fl\u00e4chen kleiner und durch St\u00fctzen, Maschinenfundamente und Installationen unterbrochen. Eine kompaktere Maschine oder ein handgef\u00fchrtes System bietet mehr Beweglichkeit. Vor Beginn wird die Laserreferenz an mehreren Punkten kontrolliert. Nach dem Abziehen folgen Gl\u00e4tten, Nachbehandlung und Schutz vor zu schneller Austrocknung. Die Maschine verbessert die Ebenheit, ersetzt aber nicht die fachgerechte Nachbehandlung des Betons.<\/p><p>Eine Au\u00dfenfl\u00e4che in der N\u00e4he des Hamburger Hafens erfordert ein kontrolliertes Gef\u00e4lle zur Entw\u00e4sserung. Hier kann eine modellgest\u00fctzte Steuerung sinnvoll sein, sofern die Vermessungsdaten gepr\u00fcft und verst\u00e4ndlich aufbereitet werden. Bei Wind, direkter Sonne und wechselnden Witterungsbedingungen ist eine besonders sorgf\u00e4ltige Organisation erforderlich. Betonierabschnitte, Nachbehandlungsmittel und Personalreserve sollten vorab feststehen.<\/p><p>Diese Beispiele sind typische Einsatzszenarien und keine Zusage bestimmter Leistungswerte. Die tats\u00e4chliche Leistung h\u00e4ngt von Betonmenge, Personal, Maschinenkonfiguration, Geometrie, Wetter und Untergrund ab. Eine realistische Baustellenplanung bleibt daher wichtiger als jede Prospektangabe.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Relevante Anbieter und Beschaffungswege in Deutschland<\/h2><p>Der deutsche Markt wird durch Maschinenhersteller, Fachh\u00e4ndler, Vermessungstechnik-Anbieter und internationale Lieferanten bedient. Nicht jeder Anbieter liefert eine vollst\u00e4ndige Maschine; einige stellen Steuerungs-, Laser- oder Servicekomponenten bereit. K\u00e4ufer sollten deshalb pr\u00fcfen, ob sie eine betriebsfertige Gesamtl\u00f6sung, eine einzelne Maschine oder eine Kombination aus Maschine, Laser und Schulung erhalten.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Unternehmen<\/th><th>Versorgte Regionen<\/th><th>Kernst\u00e4rke<\/th><th>Wichtige Angebote<\/th><th>Hinweis f\u00fcr K\u00e4ufer<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Somero Enterprises<\/td><td>Europa und Deutschland \u00fcber Vertriebsstrukturen<\/td><td>Spezialisierung auf Betonabzieh- und Nivelliertechnik<\/td><td>Lasergef\u00fchrte Gro\u00dffl\u00e4chenmaschinen, Schulungs- und Servicel\u00f6sungen<\/td><td>F\u00fcr professionelle Industriebodenprojekte pr\u00fcfen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vanse Machinery<\/td><td>Deutschland, Europa und mehr als 80 Exportm\u00e4rkte<\/td><td>Breites Programm von kompakten bis auslegergest\u00fctzten Maschinen<\/td><td>Laserabzieher, Fl\u00fcgelgl\u00e4tter, Schleifmaschinen und Zubeh\u00f6r<\/td><td>F\u00fcr preisorientierte Projekte mit Servicekonzept interessant<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine International<\/td><td>Nordamerika und internationale Vertriebsm\u00e4rkte<\/td><td>Kompakte, auf Bedienfreundlichkeit ausgerichtete Systeme<\/td><td>Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Bodenplatten und gewerbliche Fl\u00e4chen<\/td><td>Lokale Verf\u00fcgbarkeit und Ersatzteile konkret kl\u00e4ren<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen Engineering<\/td><td>Internationale M\u00e4rkte, auch \u00fcber H\u00e4ndler in Europa<\/td><td>Erfahrung mit Betonbearbeitungsmaschinen<\/td><td>Abziehmaschinen, Gl\u00e4tttechnik und Baustellenausr\u00fcstung<\/td><td>Maschinenkonfiguration mit deutschem H\u00e4ndler abstimmen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Topcon Positioning Germany<\/td><td>Deutschland mit Fachhandel und Vermessungsnetz<\/td><td>Vermessungs- und Maschinensteuerungstechnik<\/td><td>Rotationslaser, Empf\u00e4nger, digitale Baustellenl\u00f6sungen<\/td><td>Geeignet f\u00fcr Laser- und Steuerungskomponenten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leica Geosystems<\/td><td>Deutschland und europaweite Fachhandelsnetze<\/td><td>Pr\u00e4zise Vermessungsinstrumente<\/td><td>Rotationslaser, Nivellierger\u00e4te und digitale Messtechnik<\/td><td>F\u00fcr Referenzsysteme und Baustellenvermessung relevant<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Die Tabelle dient als praxisorientierte Markt\u00fcbersicht. Vor einer Bestellung sollten K\u00e4ufer immer die aktuelle Vertriebsstruktur, den technischen Ansprechpartner, die Lieferzeit und die Verf\u00fcgbarkeit von Verschlei\u00dfteilen best\u00e4tigen lassen. Gerade bei zeitkritischen Bodenplatten kann ein fehlendes Sensorkabel, eine defekte Hydraulikleitung oder ein nicht verf\u00fcgbarer Empf\u00e4nger den gesamten Betoniertag gef\u00e4hrden.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse als Partner f\u00fcr Betonbauprojekte in Deutschland<\/h2><p>Vanse Machinery entwickelt und fertigt seit 2013 Betonbaumaschinen und bietet f\u00fcr den deutschen Markt handgef\u00fchrte, aufsitzende und auslegergest\u00fctzte Laserabzieher sowie Fl\u00fcgelgl\u00e4tter, Schleifmaschinen, Schneidmaschinen, Einstreuer und L\u00f6sungen f\u00fcr Industrieb\u00f6den an. Die Produktentwicklung st\u00fctzt sich auf Lasersteuerung, Hydrauliktechnik, belastbare Antriebskomponenten und langlebige Materialien; die Fertigung ist nach ISO 9001 organisiert, die Maschinen verf\u00fcgen je nach Ausf\u00fchrung \u00fcber CE-Kennzeichnung, und mehr als 50 Erfindungspatente sowie \u00fcber 200 Gebrauchs- und Geschmacksmusterpatente belegen die technische Entwicklungsarbeit. Deutsche Bauunternehmen, Vermieter, H\u00e4ndler, Markeninhaber und einzelne gewerbliche K\u00e4ufer k\u00f6nnen \u00fcber Direktkauf, Gro\u00dfhandel, regionale Vertriebspartnerschaften, individuelle Markenkennzeichnung sowie Auftragsentwicklung zusammenarbeiten. Vanse liefert schl\u00fcsselfertige EPC-Projekte und L\u00f6sungen f\u00fcr kundeneigene Anlagen, jedoch keine BOO-Modelle oder Vor-Ort-Massenbelieferung. Mit Exporterfahrung in Deutschland und weiteren europ\u00e4ischen M\u00e4rkten, einem internationalen H\u00e4ndlernetz, regionalen Servicekapazit\u00e4ten in S\u00fcdostasien und Kanada sowie einem Team von mehr als 100 Technik-, Entwicklungs- und Kundendienstfachleuten unterst\u00fctzt das Unternehmen die Auswahl, Lieferung, Inbetriebnahme, Bedienerschulung, Ferndiagnose und Ersatzteilversorgung. F\u00fcr K\u00e4ufer in Deutschland sind mehrsprachige Fernberatung, technische Unterst\u00fctzung per Telefon und Video sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit regionalen Partnern konkrete Bausteine zur Reduzierung von Maschinenstillst\u00e4nden; weitere Informationen zu den <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">laser\u00adgef\u00fchrten Betonabziehern<\/a>, zum <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">aufsitzenden Maschinenprogramm<\/a> und zum <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">technischen Kundendienst<\/a> sind direkt verf\u00fcgbar.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr ein Projektangebot ben\u00f6tigt ein Lieferant \u00fcblicherweise Angaben zur Betonfl\u00e4che, Plattendicke, Betonrezeptur, Bewehrung, gew\u00fcnschter Ebenheit, Zugangssituation, Strom- oder Kraftstoffanforderung und geplantem Liefertermin. Je genauer diese Daten vorliegen, desto besser kann die Maschine auf den Baustellenablauf abgestimmt werden. Einen \u00dcberblick \u00fcber das Unternehmen und seine Fertigungskompetenz bietet auch das <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">Unternehmensprofil von Vanse<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Inbetriebnahme, Bedienung und Qualit\u00e4tssicherung<\/h2><p>Vor dem ersten Einsatz muss die Maschine technisch gepr\u00fcft und das Bedienpersonal eingewiesen werden. Dazu geh\u00f6ren Sicherheitskontrollen, Kontrolle von Hydraulik\u00f6l und Kraftstoff, Funktionspr\u00fcfung der Sensoren, Sichtpr\u00fcfung der Abziehbohle und die richtige Aufstellung des Rotationslasers. Der Laser muss au\u00dferhalb von Ersch\u00fctterungen, Fahrverkehr und m\u00f6glichen Sichtbehinderungen stehen. Seine Referenzh\u00f6he wird anhand eines gepr\u00fcften Messpunkts kontrolliert.<\/p><p>W\u00e4hrend des Betonierens sollte ein Verantwortlicher die Betonlogistik koordinieren. Der Frischbeton muss in ausreichender Menge und m\u00f6glichst gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig vor der Abziehbohle liegen. Zu wenig Material f\u00fchrt zu Fehlstellen, zu viel Material erschwert die Kontrolle und erh\u00f6ht den Nacharbeitsaufwand. An Randbereichen, St\u00fctzen und Einbauteilen ist weiterhin Handarbeit erforderlich. Der Laserabzieher entfaltet seine gr\u00f6\u00dfte Wirkung auf offenen, gut vorbereiteten Fl\u00e4chen.<\/p><p>Nach dem Abziehen sollten die vereinbarten Messungen durchgef\u00fchrt und dokumentiert werden. Je nach Projekt k\u00f6nnen H\u00f6henmessungen, Ebenheitspr\u00fcfungen, Sichtkontrollen und Pr\u00fcfungen der Oberfl\u00e4chenfestigkeit erforderlich sein. Das Messverfahren sollte bereits in der Ausschreibung klar beschrieben sein. Nur dann k\u00f6nnen Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer sachlich beurteilen, ob die vereinbarte Qualit\u00e4t erreicht wurde.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Trends bis 2026: Digitalisierung, Nachhaltigkeit und Regelkonformit\u00e4t<\/h2><p>Bis 2026 wird die Nachfrage nach digital unterst\u00fctzten Betonbauprozessen weiter zunehmen. Dreidimensionale Gel\u00e4ndemodelle, digitale Vermessung, maschinenlesbare Planungsdaten und ferngest\u00fctzte Fehlerdiagnose werden auch im Hallen- und Infrastrukturbeton st\u00e4rker genutzt. F\u00fcr Laserabzieher bedeutet das eine engere Verbindung zwischen Planung, Vermessung und Ausf\u00fchrung. Maschinen, die sich mit digitalen H\u00f6henmodellen verbinden lassen, k\u00f6nnen bei Rampen, Gef\u00e4llefl\u00e4chen und komplexen Au\u00dfenanlagen an Bedeutung gewinnen.<\/p><p>Auch Nachhaltigkeit beeinflusst die Maschinenwahl. Bauunternehmen achten zunehmend auf Kraftstoffverbrauch, wartungsarme Systeme, langlebige Verschlei\u00dfteile und eine pr\u00e4zise Verarbeitung, die Nacharbeit und Materialverluste reduziert. Eine gleichm\u00e4\u00dfig eingebaute Platte kann helfen, zus\u00e4tzliche Ausgleichsschichten oder umfangreiche Schleifarbeiten zu vermeiden. Gleichzeitig gewinnen CO\u2082-reduzierte Betonrezepturen an Bedeutung. Solche Mischungen k\u00f6nnen ein anderes Verarbeitungsfenster haben und verlangen abgestimmte Einbau- und Nachbehandlungsprozesse.<\/p><p>Auf regulatorischer Ebene bleiben Produktsicherheit, CE-Konformit\u00e4t, Betriebsanleitungen, Arbeitsschutz und dokumentierte Wartung zentrale Themen. Betreiber sollten nicht nur beim Kauf, sondern w\u00e4hrend der gesamten Nutzungsdauer auf sichere Bedienung, regelm\u00e4\u00dfige Inspektion und nachvollziehbare Unterlagen achten. F\u00fcr Vermieter wird die digitale Dokumentation von Wartungen, Einweisungen und \u00dcbergaben zunehmend ein Wettbewerbsvorteil.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>H\u00e4ufige Fragen<\/h2><h3>Ist ein Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Beton dasselbe wie eine R\u00fcttelbohle?<\/h3><p>Nein. Eine R\u00fcttelbohle unterst\u00fctzt haupts\u00e4chlich das Verteilen und Verdichten von Beton entlang einer F\u00fchrung oder innerhalb eines Arbeitsbereichs. Ein Laserabzieher verbindet die Abziehfunktion mit einer automatischen H\u00f6henf\u00fchrung durch Laserreferenz und hydraulische Regelung. Dadurch eignet er sich besonders f\u00fcr gro\u00dfe Fl\u00e4chen mit definierten Ebenheitsanforderungen.<\/p><h3>Welche Fl\u00e4che rechtfertigt den Kauf einer Maschine?<\/h3><p>Eine feste Mindestfl\u00e4che gibt es nicht. Entscheidend sind die j\u00e4hrliche Auslastung, die Wiederholung \u00e4hnlicher Projekte, der Personalbedarf und die Qualit\u00e4tsanforderungen. Unternehmen mit regelm\u00e4\u00dfigem Hallen- und Industriebodenbau profitieren meist st\u00e4rker als Betriebe, die nur gelegentlich kleine Bodenplatten herstellen.<\/p><h3>Kann ein Laserabzieher auch Beton mit Fasern verarbeiten?<\/h3><p>Ja, sofern Betonrezeptur, Faserart, Dosierung und Einbauprozess aufeinander abgestimmt sind. Stahlfasern und synthetische Fasern k\u00f6nnen das Flie\u00df- und Oberfl\u00e4chenverhalten beeinflussen. Ein Probeeinsatz mit der vorgesehenen Rezeptur ist daher sinnvoll, besonders bei anspruchsvollen Sicht- oder Industrieb\u00f6den.<\/p><h3>Wie genau arbeitet ein lasergef\u00fchrtes Betonabziehsystem?<\/h3><p>Die technische H\u00f6henregelung kann sehr pr\u00e4zise arbeiten, teilweise im Millimeterbereich. Die tats\u00e4chlich erreichte Bodenqualit\u00e4t h\u00e4ngt jedoch zus\u00e4tzlich von Untergrund, Vermessung, Beton, Bedienung, Nachbearbeitung und Messmethode ab. Herstellerangaben zur Genauigkeit sollten immer im Zusammenhang mit den konkreten Baustellenbedingungen bewertet werden.<\/p><h3>Welche Unterlagen sollten deutsche K\u00e4ufer verlangen?<\/h3><p>Wichtig sind Konformit\u00e4tsunterlagen, Betriebsanleitung, Wartungsplan, Ersatzteilliste, Garantiebedingungen, technische Daten, Einweisungsumfang und Ansprechpartner f\u00fcr Servicef\u00e4lle. Bei internationalen Lieferungen sollten au\u00dferdem Lieferbedingungen, Ersatzteilversorgung und Verantwortlichkeiten f\u00fcr Inbetriebnahme schriftlich geregelt werden.<\/p><h3>Ist Mieten besser als Kaufen?<\/h3><p>Mieten ist sinnvoll, wenn eine Maschine nur projektbezogen ben\u00f6tigt wird oder wenn das Unternehmen zun\u00e4chst Erfahrungen sammeln m\u00f6chte. Kaufen kann wirtschaftlicher sein, wenn regelm\u00e4\u00dfig gro\u00dfe Betonfl\u00e4chen hergestellt werden, geschulte Bediener verf\u00fcgbar sind und die Maschine \u00fcber das Jahr ausreichend ausgelastet wird.<\/p><h3>Welche Rolle spielt der Kundendienst?<\/h3><p>Der Kundendienst ist bei Betoniermaschinen besonders wichtig, weil ein Ausfall w\u00e4hrend des Einbaus erhebliche Folgekosten verursachen kann. K\u00e4ufer sollten vorab kl\u00e4ren, wie schnell technische Hilfe, Fernunterst\u00fctzung und Ersatzteile verf\u00fcgbar sind. Eine verl\u00e4ssliche Schulung reduziert zus\u00e4tzlich Bedienfehler und unn\u00f6tige Stillst\u00e4nde.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Fazit f\u00fcr die Maschinenwahl<\/h2><p>Ein Laserabzieher f\u00fcr Beton ist eine leistungsf\u00e4hige L\u00f6sung f\u00fcr Unternehmen, die industrielle Bodenplatten, Lagerfl\u00e4chen, Verkehrsfl\u00e4chen oder gro\u00dfe Gewerbeobjekte mit hoher Ebenheit herstellen. Er verbessert die Wiederholbarkeit des Einbaus, reduziert manuelle H\u00f6henkontrollen und kann bei passender Auslastung die Produktivit\u00e4t steigern. Die beste Entscheidung entsteht jedoch nicht allein aus der Maschinenleistung, sondern aus dem Zusammenspiel von Untergrund, Beton, Planung, Bedienpersonal, Vermessung und Service.<\/p><p>F\u00fcr Projekte in Deutschland sollten K\u00e4ufer daher eine Maschine anhand realer Einsatzbedingungen ausw\u00e4hlen, eine praktische Vorf\u00fchrung verlangen und den Kundendienst vertraglich konkretisieren. Wer unterschiedliche Maschinenarten, Lasersysteme und Liefermodelle strukturiert vergleicht, kann eine L\u00f6sung finden, die langfristig zu den eigenen Betonbauprojekten passt. Weitere Informationen zu Maschinen und Betonbaul\u00f6sungen finden sich auf der <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">deutschen Informationsseite von Vanse Machinery<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","fr-title":"R\u00e8gle laser pour b\u00e9ton : guide d\u2019achat en France","fr-meta":"D\u00e9couvrez ce qu\u2019est une r\u00e8gle laser pour b\u00e9ton en France : fonctionnement, usages, gains de pr\u00e9cision, crit\u00e8res d\u2019achat et fournisseurs adapt\u00e9s aux chantiers.<\/content>","fr-content":"<h1>Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019une r\u00e8gle laser pour b\u00e9ton ?<\/h1><section><h2>R\u00e9ponse rapide<\/h2><p>Une r\u00e8gle laser pour b\u00e9ton est une machine de nivellement qui met \u00e0 niveau, r\u00e9partit et r\u00e8gle une dalle fra\u00eeche gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de guidage laser. Elle contr\u00f4le automatiquement la hauteur de la t\u00eate de r\u00e9glage afin d\u2019obtenir une plan\u00e9it\u00e9 tr\u00e8s r\u00e9guli\u00e8re, souvent avec une pr\u00e9cision millim\u00e9trique selon le mat\u00e9riel, la pr\u00e9paration du chantier et les tol\u00e9rances demand\u00e9es.<\/p><p>En France, elle est particuli\u00e8rement utile pour les dallages industriels, entrep\u00f4ts logistiques, plateformes de distribution, b\u00e2timents agricoles, parkings, usines, centres commerciaux et grandes zones de stockage. Elle r\u00e9duit les reprises manuelles, am\u00e9liore la productivit\u00e9 et aide les entreprises \u00e0 respecter les exigences de plan\u00e9it\u00e9 avant le surfa\u00e7age m\u00e9canique.<\/p><p>Pour un achat concret, il faut choisir entre une machine port\u00e9e par op\u00e9rateur, une r\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 fl\u00e8che ou une solution compacte selon la surface, l\u2019acc\u00e8s, l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de b\u00e9ton et le profil du sol. Les fournisseurs fran\u00e7ais et europ\u00e9ens restent une option pratique pour la proximit\u00e9, mais des fabricants internationaux qualifi\u00e9s, notamment chinois, peuvent aussi \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s lorsqu\u2019ils disposent des certifications applicables, d\u2019un accompagnement avant et apr\u00e8s-vente fiable et d\u2019un bon rapport co\u00fbt-performance.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>D\u00e9finition et principe de fonctionnement<\/h2><p>La r\u00e8gle laser pour b\u00e9ton, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9e machine de nivellement laser, est con\u00e7ue pour remplacer une grande partie du r\u00e9glage \u00e0 la r\u00e8gle manuelle. Apr\u00e8s le coulage du b\u00e9ton, un \u00e9metteur laser \u00e9tablit une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence de niveau sur le chantier. Un r\u00e9cepteur plac\u00e9 sur la machine d\u00e9tecte cette r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et transmet les \u00e9carts \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de commande. La t\u00eate de r\u00e9glage monte ou descend automatiquement pour enlever ou r\u00e9partir le b\u00e9ton \u00e0 la cote d\u00e9finie.<\/p><p>Le r\u00e9sultat recherch\u00e9 n\u2019est pas uniquement une dalle \u00ab plate \u00bb \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il. Sur un projet industriel \u00e0 Lyon, Lille, Marseille, Strasbourg ou Paris, la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 du sol influence directement la pose de rayonnages, la circulation des chariots \u00e9l\u00e9vateurs, la durabilit\u00e9 des joints, la stabilit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipements automatis\u00e9s et les co\u00fbts de maintenance ult\u00e9rieurs. Le r\u00e9glage laser permet donc de ma\u00eetriser plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les niveaux, les pentes et les tol\u00e9rances pr\u00e9vues par le bureau d\u2019\u00e9tudes.<\/p><p>Une installation habituelle comprend un \u00e9metteur laser rotatif, un ou plusieurs r\u00e9cepteurs, une machine \u00e9quip\u00e9e d\u2019une t\u00eate de nivellement, un moteur, un syst\u00e8me hydraulique, des pales ou une vis de r\u00e9partition, ainsi qu\u2019un op\u00e9rateur form\u00e9. Sur les mod\u00e8les \u00e0 fl\u00e8che, la machine peut travailler autour de son point d\u2019appui avec une large port\u00e9e. Sur les mod\u00e8les port\u00e9s, l\u2019op\u00e9rateur conduit l\u2019\u00e9quipement sur la dalle fra\u00eeche, ce qui convient aux grands panneaux continus.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Pourquoi le march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais utilise davantage le nivellement laser<\/h2><p>La France dispose d\u2019un important tissu logistique et industriel. Les plateformes autour de Lille, Dourges, Paris, Orl\u00e9ans, Lyon, Saint-\u00c9tienne, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Marseille-Fos et Le Havre n\u00e9cessitent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement de grands dallages capables de supporter des charges \u00e9lev\u00e9es. L\u2019essor du commerce en ligne, la modernisation des usines, l\u2019automatisation des entrep\u00f4ts et la construction d\u2019infrastructures cr\u00e9ent une demande durable pour des sols plus pr\u00e9cis et plus r\u00e9sistants.<\/p><p>Dans un entrep\u00f4t moderne, une dalle irr\u00e9guli\u00e8re peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des vibrations, une usure acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e des roues, des difficult\u00e9s de circulation et des d\u00e9fauts de pose des rayonnages. Une r\u00e8gle laser ne remplace ni l\u2019\u00e9tude de formulation du b\u00e9ton, ni le traitement des joints, ni le contr\u00f4le qualit\u00e9, mais elle donne aux \u00e9quipes un outil efficace pour ma\u00eetriser l\u2019\u00e9tape critique du r\u00e9glage.<\/p><p>Les entreprises de dallage doivent aussi composer avec la disponibilit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e de main-d\u2019\u0153uvre qualifi\u00e9e. Une machine bien dimensionn\u00e9e permet de concentrer les op\u00e9rateurs sur le contr\u00f4le de la mise en \u0153uvre, la gestion des niveaux, le traitement de surface et la finition, plut\u00f4t que sur un r\u00e9glage manuel long et variable. Cette organisation est particuli\u00e8rement int\u00e9ressante lors des coulages continus de plusieurs milliers de m\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Types de r\u00e8gles laser pour b\u00e9ton<\/h2><p>Le choix du type de machine doit \u00eatre fait selon la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie de la dalle, le volume quotidien de b\u00e9ton, les contraintes d\u2019acc\u00e8s et les performances attendues. Une machine surdimensionn\u00e9e peut \u00eatre co\u00fbteuse et difficile \u00e0 d\u00e9placer ; un mod\u00e8le trop petit ralentit le chantier et limite les gains de productivit\u00e9.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Type de machine<\/th><th>Utilisation recommand\u00e9e<\/th><th>Atout principal<\/th><th>Limite \u00e0 anticiper<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>R\u00e8gle laser port\u00e9e<\/td><td>Entrep\u00f4ts, usines, grandes dalles continues<\/td><td>Rendement \u00e9lev\u00e9 et r\u00e9glage homog\u00e8ne<\/td><td>N\u00e9cessite des acc\u00e8s et une logistique adapt\u00e9s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e8gle laser \u00e0 fl\u00e8che<\/td><td>Zones larges avec obstacles limit\u00e9s<\/td><td>Grande port\u00e9e autour d\u2019un point de travail<\/td><td>Exige une implantation et une stabilit\u00e9 soign\u00e9es<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e8gle laser compacte<\/td><td>Commerces, extensions, petites surfaces<\/td><td>Transport et maniabilit\u00e9 facilit\u00e9s<\/td><td>Largeur de travail plus r\u00e9duite<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Machine \u00e0 profil tridimensionnel<\/td><td>Pentes, rampes, plateformes techniques<\/td><td>Gestion de g\u00e9om\u00e9tries complexes<\/td><td>R\u00e9glages num\u00e9riques et formation n\u00e9cessaires<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e8gle vibrante laser<\/td><td>Dallages lin\u00e9aires ou chantiers simples<\/td><td>Solution plus accessible<\/td><td>Capacit\u00e9 moindre sur tr\u00e8s grandes surfaces<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e8gle manuelle assist\u00e9e<\/td><td>Travaux ponctuels et r\u00e9parations<\/td><td>Investissement initial limit\u00e9<\/td><td>D\u00e9pend davantage du savoir-faire de l\u2019\u00e9quipe<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Le tableau montre que la r\u00e8gle laser port\u00e9e est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement privil\u00e9gi\u00e9e pour les centres logistiques et les dalles industrielles de grande taille. La version \u00e0 fl\u00e8che offre une excellente couverture depuis une position donn\u00e9e, tandis qu\u2019une machine compacte peut \u00eatre plus rentable sur les chantiers urbains o\u00f9 les acc\u00e8s sont contraints.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Applications courantes en France<\/h2><p>Une machine de nivellement laser est employ\u00e9e d\u00e8s que la pr\u00e9cision du dallage, le rythme de coulage ou la surface rendent le r\u00e9glage manuel moins comp\u00e9titif. Les chantiers proches des ports du Havre, de Dunkerque, de Marseille-Fos ou de Nantes-Saint-Nazaire utilisent notamment des dalles robustes pour le stockage, la manutention et les activit\u00e9s de transport.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Secteur<\/th><th>Application<\/th><th>Exigence habituelle<\/th><th>Int\u00e9r\u00eat du nivellement laser<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Logistique<\/td><td>Entrep\u00f4ts et quais<\/td><td>Circulation fluide des chariots<\/td><td>Meilleure r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 sur grandes surfaces<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Industrie<\/td><td>Usines et ateliers<\/td><td>Support de machines et rayonnages<\/td><td>Ma\u00eetrise des niveaux avant finition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Commerce<\/td><td>Hypermarch\u00e9s et r\u00e9serves<\/td><td>Sol r\u00e9gulier et durable<\/td><td>R\u00e9duction des reprises de r\u00e9glage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A\u00e9ronautique<\/td><td>Hangars et aires techniques<\/td><td>R\u00e9sistance et plan\u00e9it\u00e9<\/td><td>Rendement sur panneaux \u00e9tendus<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infrastructures<\/td><td>Terminaux, plateformes, routes<\/td><td>Pentes et \u00e9paisseurs contr\u00f4l\u00e9es<\/td><td>Guidage pr\u00e9cis des altitudes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agriculture<\/td><td>B\u00e2timents d\u2019\u00e9levage et stockage<\/td><td>\u00c9vacuation de l\u2019eau et robustesse<\/td><td>Gestion efficace des pentes pr\u00e9vues<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Pour un atelier de production en Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes, l\u2019objectif peut \u00eatre une dalle tr\u00e8s r\u00e9guli\u00e8re sous des robots mobiles. Pour une plateforme agricole en Bretagne, la priorit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre une pente fonctionnelle vers les \u00e9vacuations. Dans les deux cas, le laser fournit une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence stable, mais le r\u00e9sultat d\u00e9pend toujours du coffrage, de la qualit\u00e9 du b\u00e9ton, du ferraillage, du compactage, de la cure et de la comp\u00e9tence des \u00e9quipes.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Avantages op\u00e9rationnels d\u2019une r\u00e8gle laser<\/h2><p>Le premier b\u00e9n\u00e9fice est la pr\u00e9cision. L\u2019automatisation de la correction de hauteur r\u00e9duit la variabilit\u00e9 li\u00e9e au r\u00e9glage manuel. Cela facilite l\u2019obtention d\u2019une surface coh\u00e9rente avant le passage des truelles m\u00e9caniques, des h\u00e9licopt\u00e8res de finition ou des \u00e9quipements de sciage des joints.<\/p><p>Le deuxi\u00e8me b\u00e9n\u00e9fice est le rendement. Selon les conditions de chantier, une \u00e9quipe \u00e9quip\u00e9e d\u2019une r\u00e8gle laser peut traiter beaucoup plus de surface qu\u2019une \u00e9quipe travaillant uniquement avec des r\u00e8gles conventionnelles. Le gain r\u00e9el d\u00e9pend du d\u00e9bit de b\u00e9ton, de l\u2019organisation des camions-malaxeurs, de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de la dalle, de la largeur des coulages et de la pr\u00e9paration du support.<\/p><p>Le troisi\u00e8me b\u00e9n\u00e9fice concerne la gestion de la main-d\u2019\u0153uvre. Moins de personnes sont mobilis\u00e9es pour tirer manuellement le b\u00e9ton sur de longues distances. Les ressources peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9affect\u00e9es au contr\u00f4le des niveaux, \u00e0 la vibration, \u00e0 la finition, \u00e0 la protection des rives et \u00e0 la cure.<\/p><p>Enfin, la machine peut r\u00e9duire le gaspillage de b\u00e9ton provoqu\u00e9 par des sur\u00e9paisseurs ou des corrections tardives. Cette \u00e9conomie est importante lorsque les co\u00fbts de mat\u00e9riau, de transport et de traitement des d\u00e9chets augmentent. Elle ne doit toutefois jamais conduire \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les contr\u00f4les : un relev\u00e9 de niveau ind\u00e9pendant reste recommand\u00e9 sur les projets \u00e0 haute exigence.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Crit\u00e8res d\u2019achat pour les entrepreneurs fran\u00e7ais<\/h2><p>Avant de demander un devis, il est utile de pr\u00e9parer un dossier simple : surface moyenne par coulage, \u00e9paisseur de dalle, type de b\u00e9ton, largeur d\u2019acc\u00e8s, rendement recherch\u00e9, profil plat ou en pente, besoins de transport, alimentation disponible, fr\u00e9quence d\u2019utilisation et budget de maintenance. Ces informations permettent au fournisseur de proposer un \u00e9quipement r\u00e9ellement adapt\u00e9.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Crit\u00e8re<\/th><th>Question \u00e0 poser<\/th><th>Impact sur le choix<\/th><th>V\u00e9rification pratique<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Surface de coulage<\/td><td>Combien de m\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s par jour ?<\/td><td>D\u00e9termine la capacit\u00e9 n\u00e9cessaire<\/td><td>Comparer le rendement r\u00e9el sur chantier<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pr\u00e9cision<\/td><td>Quelles tol\u00e9rances sont pr\u00e9vues ?<\/td><td>Influence le syst\u00e8me de guidage<\/td><td>Demander un protocole de contr\u00f4le<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acc\u00e8s<\/td><td>Portes, rampes, sous-sols ?<\/td><td>Conditionne taille et transport<\/td><td>Mesurer les passages les plus \u00e9troits<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pentes<\/td><td>La dalle est-elle horizontale ?<\/td><td>Peut n\u00e9cessiter un profil tridimensionnel<\/td><td>Valider les plans d\u2019ex\u00e9cution<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maintenance<\/td><td>Pi\u00e8ces disponibles en Europe ?<\/td><td>R\u00e9duit les arr\u00eats de chantier<\/td><td>Exiger une liste de consommables<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Formation<\/td><td>Qui forme les op\u00e9rateurs ?<\/td><td>S\u00e9curise la prise en main<\/td><td>Inclure la formation au contrat<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Une machine doit \u00e9galement \u00eatre compatible avec les r\u00e8gles de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du chantier. V\u00e9rifiez le marquage applicable, les documents techniques en fran\u00e7ais, les consignes de maintenance, les dispositifs d\u2019arr\u00eat d\u2019urgence, la visibilit\u00e9 op\u00e9rateur, les niveaux sonores et les proc\u00e9dures de transport. Pour les \u00e9quipements import\u00e9s, la disponibilit\u00e9 des pi\u00e8ces, la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019emballage maritime, les d\u00e9lais vers les ports fran\u00e7ais et l\u2019assistance de mise en service m\u00e9ritent une attention particuli\u00e8re.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Fournisseurs et fabricants \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer<\/h2><p>Le march\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais associe des fabricants internationaux, des distributeurs sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s et des entreprises de location. Les disponibilit\u00e9s, les r\u00e9seaux de revendeurs et les configurations peuvent varier selon les r\u00e9gions. Il est donc recommand\u00e9 de v\u00e9rifier directement la couverture de votre d\u00e9partement, les d\u00e9lais de livraison et la capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9pannage avant de signer.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Entreprise<\/th><th>R\u00e9gion de service<\/th><th>Point fort<\/th><th>Offres principales<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Somero<\/td><td>Europe et projets internationaux<\/td><td>Sp\u00e9cialiste reconnu du nivellement laser<\/td><td>Machines port\u00e9es, solutions \u00e0 fl\u00e8che, assistance technique<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson France<\/td><td>France m\u00e9tropolitaine<\/td><td>R\u00e9seau commercial et service d\u2019\u00e9quipement chantier<\/td><td>Mat\u00e9riel de b\u00e9ton, compactage, maintenance et pi\u00e8ces<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction France<\/td><td>France et r\u00e9seau europ\u00e9en<\/td><td>Solutions pour pr\u00e9paration et finition des sols<\/td><td>Surfa\u00e7age, sciage, pon\u00e7age et traitement du b\u00e9ton<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen Engineering<\/td><td>Europe via partenaires<\/td><td>\u00c9quipements pour la mise en \u0153uvre du b\u00e9ton<\/td><td>R\u00e8gles, truelles m\u00e9caniques et mat\u00e9riel de finition<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine<\/td><td>Exportation internationale<\/td><td>Machines de nivellement automatis\u00e9es<\/td><td>R\u00e8gles laser compactes et \u00e9quipements de r\u00e9glage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology<\/td><td>France via r\u00e9seau europ\u00e9en et exportation<\/td><td>Large gamme et personnalisation de machines<\/td><td>R\u00e8gles laser, truelles, ponceuses, scies et accessoires<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Ce tableau permet de comparer des acteurs connus, mais il ne remplace pas une d\u00e9monstration. Un fournisseur pertinent doit pouvoir d\u00e9tailler le rendement attendu, les conditions de garantie, la disponibilit\u00e9 des pi\u00e8ces sensibles, les modalit\u00e9s de formation, le d\u00e9lai de r\u00e9ponse technique et les co\u00fbts de livraison jusqu\u2019\u00e0 votre chantier \u00e0 Rouen, Metz, Grenoble, Montpellier ou Toulouse.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Comment \u00e9valuer un fournisseur avant commande<\/h2><p>Demandez une fiche technique compl\u00e8te, des vid\u00e9os de fonctionnement r\u00e9elles, une liste de pi\u00e8ces d\u2019usure, le d\u00e9lai de fabrication, les conditions de garantie et un plan de formation. Un fournisseur s\u00e9rieux doit expliquer la pr\u00e9paration du chantier, l\u2019installation du laser, les contr\u00f4les quotidiens, l\u2019entretien hydraulique et la proc\u00e9dure de diagnostic en cas d\u2019arr\u00eat.<\/p><p>Pour les entreprises qui ach\u00e8tent une machine pour la premi\u00e8re fois, il est judicieux de pr\u00e9voir une p\u00e9riode d\u2019accompagnement sur un premier chantier. Le co\u00fbt d\u2019un technicien ou d\u2019une formation initiale peut \u00eatre inf\u00e9rieur au co\u00fbt d\u2019une dalle mal r\u00e9gl\u00e9e. Les entreprises de location, de distribution et les propri\u00e9taires de marques doivent aussi v\u00e9rifier la documentation commerciale, le stock de pi\u00e8ces et la possibilit\u00e9 de personnalisation de l\u2019\u00e9quipement.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Notre solution pour les chantiers de b\u00e9ton en France<\/h2><p>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology d\u00e9veloppe depuis 2013 des \u00e9quipements de construction en b\u00e9ton, notamment des r\u00e8gles laser \u00e0 conducteur port\u00e9, \u00e0 fl\u00e8che et compactes, des truelles m\u00e9caniques, ponceuses de sol, scies de coupe et \u00e9quipements pour dallage industriel. Ses produits sont fabriqu\u00e9s dans le cadre de syst\u00e8mes qualit\u00e9 certifi\u00e9s ISO 9001 et marqu\u00e9s CE selon les \u00e9quipements concern\u00e9s ; l\u2019entreprise s\u2019appuie sur des syst\u00e8mes de guidage laser, des circuits hydrauliques, des moteurs fiables, des composants durables et des contr\u00f4les de fabrication destin\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux exigences des chantiers internationaux. Avec plus de 50 brevets d\u2019invention, plus de 200 brevets de mod\u00e8les d\u2019utilit\u00e9 et de conception, ainsi que des exportations vers plus de 80 pays, Vanse propose aux utilisateurs finaux, entreprises de dallage, loueurs, distributeurs, revendeurs, propri\u00e9taires de marque et acheteurs individuels des ventes directes, de gros, de d\u00e9tail, des fabrications sur mesure, des projets de marque propre et des partenariats de distribution r\u00e9gionale. Son r\u00e9seau de partenaires en Europe, ses ressources de service \u00e0 l\u2019international, ses \u00e9quipes de plus de 100 sp\u00e9cialistes techniques et son accompagnement par t\u00e9l\u00e9phone, vid\u00e9o et intervention technique permettent de s\u00e9curiser l\u2019\u00e9tude de projet, le choix de machine, la mise en service, la formation, les pi\u00e8ces et le diagnostic \u00e0 distance pour les clients fran\u00e7ais. L\u2019entreprise fournit des solutions EPC, cl\u00e9 en main et des solutions d\u2019usine appartenant au client ; elle ne propose pas de mod\u00e8le d\u2019exploitation avec fourniture massive sur site. Pour d\u00e9couvrir les \u00e9quipements, consultez les <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">machines de nivellement laser pour b\u00e9ton<\/a>, les <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">r\u00e8gles laser port\u00e9es<\/a> et le <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">service technique international<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Exemples de sc\u00e9narios de chantier<\/h2><p>Dans un entrep\u00f4t de 12 000 m\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s pr\u00e8s de Dourges, une r\u00e8gle laser port\u00e9e peut suivre des coulages organis\u00e9s par panneaux. Le plan de b\u00e9tonnage doit pr\u00e9voir les acc\u00e8s des camions, les zones de lavage, les joints, la disponibilit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipes de finition et un contr\u00f4le topographique ind\u00e9pendant. La machine acc\u00e9l\u00e8re le r\u00e9glage, mais l\u2019organisation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale d\u00e9termine le r\u00e9sultat final.<\/p><p>Pour une usine pr\u00e8s de Lyon avec des zones de production, de stockage et de circulation de chariots, une machine \u00e0 fl\u00e8che peut \u00eatre pertinente lorsque la configuration permet de couvrir une large zone depuis des positions stables. Si la dalle comprend des caniveaux, des r\u00e9servations ou des pentes localis\u00e9es, le bureau d\u2019\u00e9tudes doit fournir des rep\u00e8res suffisamment pr\u00e9cis avant le d\u00e9but du coulage.<\/p><p>Sur un projet commercial en centre-ville de Bordeaux ou de Paris, la contrainte principale peut \u00eatre l\u2019acc\u00e8s. Une r\u00e8gle laser compacte, facilement transportable, peut offrir un compromis efficace. Dans ce cas, la largeur de la machine, le poids, les possibilit\u00e9s de levage et le passage des portes doivent \u00eatre valid\u00e9s avant livraison.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tendances \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2026<\/h2><p>En 2026, les \u00e9quipements de nivellement laser \u00e9volueront vers davantage de num\u00e9risation. Les syst\u00e8mes de profil tridimensionnel, les capteurs plus pr\u00e9cis, la collecte de donn\u00e9es de chantier et les diagnostics \u00e0 distance aideront les entreprises \u00e0 documenter les niveaux, \u00e0 anticiper la maintenance et \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les erreurs de r\u00e9glage.<\/p><p>La durabilit\u00e9 influencera \u00e9galement les d\u00e9cisions d\u2019achat. Les entreprises chercheront des machines consommant moins de carburant, utilisant des composants plus faciles \u00e0 entretenir et limitant les sur\u00e9paisseurs de b\u00e9ton. La r\u00e9duction des d\u00e9chets, l\u2019optimisation du volume coul\u00e9 et l\u2019allongement de la dur\u00e9e de vie des sols industriels font partie des leviers concrets de performance environnementale.<\/p><p>Les exigences de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 et de qualification des op\u00e9rateurs continueront \u00e0 se renforcer. Les donneurs d\u2019ordre fran\u00e7ais demanderont plus fr\u00e9quemment des d\u00e9monstrations, des plans de formation, des documents techniques en fran\u00e7ais et une capacit\u00e9 de service rapide. Les fournisseurs capables de combiner \u00e9quipement robuste, stock de pi\u00e8ces, assistance num\u00e9rique et pr\u00e9sence de partenaires en Europe auront un avantage important.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Questions fr\u00e9quentes<\/h2><h3>Une r\u00e8gle laser remplace-t-elle compl\u00e8tement les finisseurs ?<\/h3><p>Non. Elle automatise principalement le r\u00e9glage et la mise \u00e0 niveau du b\u00e9ton frais. Les op\u00e9rations de finition, de talochage, de traitement des bords, de sciage des joints, de cure et de contr\u00f4le restent indispensables.<\/p><h3>Quelle pr\u00e9cision peut-on obtenir ?<\/h3><p>La pr\u00e9cision d\u00e9pend de la machine, de l\u2019\u00e9talonnage du laser, de la topographie, de la formulation du b\u00e9ton, de la comp\u00e9tence de l\u2019\u00e9quipe et du protocole de contr\u00f4le. Certains mod\u00e8les sont con\u00e7us pour atteindre une pr\u00e9cision millim\u00e9trique, mais les tol\u00e9rances contractuelles doivent \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es par des mesures sur chantier.<\/p><h3>Une r\u00e8gle laser convient-elle aux petites surfaces ?<\/h3><p>Oui, \u00e0 condition de choisir une machine compacte ou une solution adapt\u00e9e. Pour une tr\u00e8s petite dalle, la location ou un r\u00e9glage conventionnel peut n\u00e9anmoins \u00eatre plus \u00e9conomique.<\/p><h3>Peut-on r\u00e9aliser des pentes avec une r\u00e8gle laser ?<\/h3><p>Oui. Les pentes simples peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9finies avec un r\u00e9glage appropri\u00e9. Les projets plus complexes, comme les rampes, plateformes techniques ou formes variables, peuvent n\u00e9cessiter un syst\u00e8me de profil tridimensionnel et une pr\u00e9paration topographique approfondie.<\/p><h3>Quels services demander apr\u00e8s l\u2019achat ?<\/h3><p>Demandez au minimum la formation op\u00e9rateur, un calendrier d\u2019entretien, la disponibilit\u00e9 des pi\u00e8ces, une proc\u00e9dure de diagnostic \u00e0 distance, les conditions de garantie et un interlocuteur technique capable d\u2019intervenir ou de coordonner une assistance en France.<\/p><h3>Comment obtenir une recommandation de mod\u00e8le ?<\/h3><p>Transmettez au fournisseur la surface de coulage, les plans, l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de dalle, les pentes, les acc\u00e8s, le rendement vis\u00e9 et votre localisation. Vous pouvez \u00e9galement consulter le <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">profil de l\u2019entreprise Vanse<\/a> ou visiter le <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">site du fabricant d\u2019\u00e9quipements pour b\u00e9ton<\/a> pour pr\u00e9parer votre demande.<\/p><\/section>","es-title":"Regla l\u00e1ser para hormig\u00f3n: gu\u00eda de compra en Espa\u00f1a","es-meta":"Descubra qu\u00e9 es una regla l\u00e1ser y c\u00f3mo elegirla en Espa\u00f1a: usos, precisi\u00f3n, tipos, proveedores, costes operativos y claves para ejecutar soleras de hormig\u00f3n.","es-content":"<h1>Qu\u00e9 es una regla l\u00e1ser para hormig\u00f3n y c\u00f3mo elegirla en Espa\u00f1a<\/h1><section><h2>Respuesta r\u00e1pida<\/h2><p>Una regla l\u00e1ser es una m\u00e1quina de construcci\u00f3n que extiende, nivela y compacta parcialmente el hormig\u00f3n fresco mediante una cuchara o cabezal vibrante controlado por un sistema l\u00e1ser. Recibe una referencia de altura desde un transmisor l\u00e1ser giratorio y corrige autom\u00e1ticamente la posici\u00f3n del cabezal hidr\u00e1ulico para conseguir soleras planas, con tolerancias de nivelaci\u00f3n muy superiores a las obtenidas con reglas manuales.<\/p><p>En Espa\u00f1a, se utiliza principalmente en naves log\u00edsticas, f\u00e1bricas, almacenes, aparcamientos, plataformas industriales, terminales portuarias, centros de distribuci\u00f3n y grandes superficies comerciales. Para elegirla, conviene valorar el tipo de obra, la superficie diaria, la geometr\u00eda del recinto, la necesidad de control tridimensional, la disponibilidad de servicio t\u00e9cnico y el coste total de operaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Las opciones m\u00e1s habituales son las reglas l\u00e1ser autopropulsadas con conductor, las de brazo telesc\u00f3pico y las versiones compactas para recintos de menor tama\u00f1o. Proveedores con presencia comercial o capacidad de suministro para Espa\u00f1a incluyen Putzmeister Ib\u00e9rica, Wacker Neuson Espa\u00f1a, Husqvarna Construction Espa\u00f1a, Somero y Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology. Tambi\u00e9n pueden considerarse fabricantes internacionales cualificados, incluidos proveedores chinos con certificaci\u00f3n aplicable en Europa, documentaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica completa y apoyo preventa y posventa s\u00f3lido, ya que pueden aportar una relaci\u00f3n entre inversi\u00f3n, productividad y prestaciones especialmente competitiva.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Definici\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica de la regla l\u00e1ser<\/h2><p>La regla l\u00e1ser para hormig\u00f3n, tambi\u00e9n denominada niveladora l\u00e1ser, pavimentadora l\u00e1ser o m\u00e1quina de nivelaci\u00f3n de soleras, automatiza una fase cr\u00edtica de la ejecuci\u00f3n de pavimentos: dejar el hormig\u00f3n a la cota, pendiente y planitud definidas en proyecto. El equipo trabaja sobre hormig\u00f3n reci\u00e9n vertido, normalmente distribuido previamente por camiones hormigonera, cubilotes, bombas o extendidos mec\u00e1nicos.<\/p><p>Su funcionamiento se basa en un transmisor l\u00e1ser colocado en una posici\u00f3n estable de la obra. Este transmisor genera un plano de referencia horizontal o inclinado. Los receptores instalados en el m\u00e1stil de la m\u00e1quina detectan la posici\u00f3n respecto a ese plano. Cuando el cabezal de trabajo se encuentra por encima o por debajo de la cota establecida, el sistema ordena a los cilindros hidr\u00e1ulicos subir o bajar el conjunto de nivelaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>El resultado es una ejecuci\u00f3n m\u00e1s uniforme que la obtenida con m\u00e9todos tradicionales basados en maestras, reglas vibratorias, tiras de nivelaci\u00f3n o trabajo manual. La precisi\u00f3n final no depende exclusivamente de la m\u00e1quina: tambi\u00e9n influyen la consistencia del hormig\u00f3n, la preparaci\u00f3n de la subbase, el replanteo, el tiempo de descarga, la experiencia del operador, el curado y el corte de juntas.<\/p><p>En obras de Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Bilbao, Sevilla o Murcia, donde la log\u00edstica de materiales y el cumplimiento de plazos son determinantes, una regla l\u00e1ser permite organizar el vertido por pa\u00f1os amplios y reducir la dependencia de mano de obra especializada para la nivelaci\u00f3n inicial. En plataformas pr\u00f3ximas a los puertos de Valencia, Barcelona, Algeciras o Bilbao, esta capacidad es especialmente \u00fatil cuando se ejecutan losas de grandes dimensiones con ventanas de trabajo limitadas.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>C\u00f3mo funciona durante la ejecuci\u00f3n de una solera<\/h2><p>Antes de iniciar la jornada, el equipo t\u00e9cnico revisa las cotas, delimita el pa\u00f1o, comprueba la estabilidad de la subbase, instala las juntas previstas y posiciona el transmisor l\u00e1ser fuera de las zonas de tr\u00e1nsito. El operador calibra los receptores y verifica el cabezal con puntos de control independientes. Esta comprobaci\u00f3n evita que un error de replanteo se reproduzca en cientos o miles de metros cuadrados.<\/p><p>Despu\u00e9s del vertido, el hormig\u00f3n se reparte de forma aproximada dentro del \u00e1rea de trabajo. La regla l\u00e1ser avanza, recoge el exceso de material con su cabezal, lo desplaza hacia las zonas bajas y lo deja a la elevaci\u00f3n programada. La vibraci\u00f3n ayuda a compactar la capa superficial y a reducir huecos, aunque no sustituye necesariamente otros procedimientos de compactaci\u00f3n o acabado exigidos por la especificaci\u00f3n del pavimento.<\/p><p>Una vez pasada la m\u00e1quina, el equipo de solado realiza las tareas complementarias: ajuste manual de bordes, revisi\u00f3n de encuentros con pilares, colocaci\u00f3n de endurecedores si procede, fratasado mec\u00e1nico, aplicaci\u00f3n de curador, corte de juntas y protecci\u00f3n frente a desecaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida. Una regla l\u00e1ser mejora de forma notable la regularidad del extendido, pero el pavimento final requiere una secuencia completa de ejecuci\u00f3n y control.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Componentes principales y su funci\u00f3n<\/h2><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Funci\u00f3n en obra<\/th><th>Aspecto que conviene comprobar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Transmisor l\u00e1ser giratorio<\/td><td>Genera el plano de referencia para la cota o pendiente.<\/td><td>Alcance, estabilidad, facilidad de calibraci\u00f3n y protecci\u00f3n frente al polvo.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Receptores de nivel<\/td><td>Detectan la se\u00f1al l\u00e1ser y transmiten la correcci\u00f3n al control de la m\u00e1quina.<\/td><td>Velocidad de respuesta, lectura clara y compatibilidad con el sistema instalado.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cabezal nivelador<\/td><td>Extiende, corta y redistribuye el hormig\u00f3n fresco.<\/td><td>Anchura \u00fatil, rigidez estructural, resistencia al desgaste y vibraci\u00f3n homog\u00e9nea.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sistema hidr\u00e1ulico<\/td><td>Acciona el brazo, el cabezal, la direcci\u00f3n y las correcciones de altura.<\/td><td>Calidad de bombas, v\u00e1lvulas, latiguillos, filtraci\u00f3n y acceso para mantenimiento.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Motor<\/td><td>Aporta la potencia para desplazamiento, vibraci\u00f3n e hidr\u00e1ulica.<\/td><td>Disponibilidad de recambios, consumo, emisiones y red de asistencia en Espa\u00f1a.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chasis y estabilizadores<\/td><td>Dan estabilidad al conjunto durante el nivelado.<\/td><td>Distribuci\u00f3n de peso, capacidad de trabajo sobre base preparada y robustez de soldaduras.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Control de pendiente tridimensional<\/td><td>Permite trabajar con geometr\u00edas complejas, pendientes y cotas variables.<\/td><td>Compatibilidad con archivos de proyecto, soporte t\u00e9cnico y formaci\u00f3n del operador.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La elecci\u00f3n de componentes no debe hacerse \u00fanicamente por la ficha comercial. Un contratista debe solicitar informaci\u00f3n sobre la procedencia de elementos hidr\u00e1ulicos, motor, sensores, sistema el\u00e9ctrico, acero estructural, tratamiento superficial y protocolos de ensayo. El acceso a filtros, puntos de engrase, bater\u00edas, sensores y latiguillos tiene un impacto directo sobre el tiempo de parada durante una obra.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tipos de regla l\u00e1ser disponibles<\/h2><p>El mercado espa\u00f1ol ofrece configuraciones distintas para adaptarse a superficies, obst\u00e1culos y ritmos de producci\u00f3n muy diferentes. Una empresa de pavimento industrial que ejecuta grandes losas continuas no necesita la misma m\u00e1quina que un contratista especializado en aparcamientos interiores, reformas de naves o plataformas con pilares muy pr\u00f3ximos.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tipo de equipo<\/th><th>Uso recomendado<\/th><th>Ventaja principal<\/th><th>Limitaci\u00f3n habitual<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser autopropulsada con conductor<\/td><td>Naves, centros log\u00edsticos y grandes superficies abiertas.<\/td><td>Alta producci\u00f3n diaria y buen control en pa\u00f1os extensos.<\/td><td>Requiere espacio de maniobra y una planificaci\u00f3n eficiente del vertido.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser de brazo telesc\u00f3pico<\/td><td>\u00c1reas con obst\u00e1culos, pilares, muelles y zonas de geometr\u00eda irregular.<\/td><td>Alcance lateral y capacidad de trabajar alrededor de elementos existentes.<\/td><td>Mayor complejidad operativa y coste inicial superior.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser compacta<\/td><td>Reformas, aparcamientos, edificios comerciales y superficies medianas.<\/td><td>Acceso m\u00e1s sencillo y menor huella de trabajo.<\/td><td>Menor capacidad de producci\u00f3n frente a equipos de gran formato.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla l\u00e1ser con control tridimensional<\/td><td>Rampas, patios exteriores, terminales y pavimentos con pendientes definidas.<\/td><td>Ejecuta perfiles y cotas variables con elevada repetibilidad.<\/td><td>Exige modelos de proyecto fiables y personal formado.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla vibratoria manual<\/td><td>Pa\u00f1os peque\u00f1os, reparaciones y obras de baja producci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Inversi\u00f3n inicial reducida y transporte simple.<\/td><td>Mayor dependencia de maestras y mano de obra.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regla mec\u00e1nica sobre gu\u00edas<\/td><td>Pavimentos lineales o secciones con geometr\u00eda repetitiva.<\/td><td>Control estable en trazados definidos.<\/td><td>Necesita instalaci\u00f3n previa de gu\u00edas y limita la flexibilidad del pa\u00f1o.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Para proyectos de gran escala, la regla de brazo y control automatizado suele ofrecer mejores resultados econ\u00f3micos, aunque su compra exige un estudio previo de productividad. Para obras m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as, puede ser m\u00e1s razonable alquilar el equipo, contratar un especialista o adquirir una unidad compacta con capacidad suficiente para la carga de trabajo real.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Ventajas pr\u00e1cticas para contratistas espa\u00f1oles<\/h2><p>La ventaja m\u00e1s visible es la mejora de la planitud y del nivel de la solera. Esto importa especialmente en almacenes automatizados, instalaciones con carretillas retr\u00e1ctiles, centros de distribuci\u00f3n de comercio electr\u00f3nico y f\u00e1bricas donde la circulaci\u00f3n interna requiere un pavimento estable. La regularidad reduce el riesgo de vibraciones, da\u00f1os de ruedas, desgaste irregular y problemas en estanter\u00edas de gran altura.<\/p><p>La segunda ventaja es la productividad. Al reducir la necesidad de maestras convencionales y operaciones repetitivas de comprobaci\u00f3n, el equipo puede acelerar el ritmo de extendido cuando el suministro de hormig\u00f3n est\u00e1 bien coordinado. No obstante, una m\u00e1quina r\u00e1pida no compensa retrasos de planta, accesos deficientes de camiones, mezcla inadecuada o falta de personal de acabado.<\/p><p>La tercera ventaja es la reducci\u00f3n de retrabajos. Una losa ejecutada con cotas consistentes disminuye las correcciones posteriores con morteros, recrecidos o fresados. En proyectos donde el pavimento ser\u00e1 la superficie de uso final, evitar estas intervenciones puede tener un valor muy superior al coste diario de la m\u00e1quina.<\/p><p>Tambi\u00e9n mejora la seguridad organizativa. Menos operarios expuestos de forma continua sobre grandes superficies de hormig\u00f3n fresco permite redistribuir el equipo hacia tareas de control, acabado, juntas, curado y limpieza. La formaci\u00f3n sigue siendo imprescindible, ya que una operaci\u00f3n incorrecta del brazo, del cabezal o de los desplazamientos puede generar riesgos y defectos.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Factores de compra y c\u00e1lculo de rentabilidad<\/h2><p>La compra debe basarse en metros cuadrados anuales, tipo de cliente, radio de trabajo y exigencia de tolerancia. Una constructora que realiza dos grandes plataformas al a\u00f1o puede obtener mejor resultado alquilando o subcontratando. En cambio, una empresa de pavimento industrial que ejecuta naves continuamente en los corredores log\u00edsticos de Madrid, Catalu\u00f1a, Arag\u00f3n o Valencia puede justificar una unidad propia.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Criterio de compra<\/th><th>Pregunta pr\u00e1ctica<\/th><th>Impacto en la decisi\u00f3n<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Producci\u00f3n anual<\/td><td>\u00bfCu\u00e1ntos metros cuadrados de solera se ejecutan cada a\u00f1o?<\/td><td>Determina si conviene comprar, alquilar o subcontratar el servicio.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dimensi\u00f3n de los pa\u00f1os<\/td><td>\u00bfExisten \u00e1reas abiertas amplias o muchos pilares y obst\u00e1culos?<\/td><td>Define si se necesita brazo telesc\u00f3pico, equipo compacto o gran formato.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Especificaci\u00f3n de planitud<\/td><td>\u00bfEl proyecto exige tolerancias de alta precisi\u00f3n?<\/td><td>Puede justificar control avanzado, receptores m\u00e1s precisos y verificaci\u00f3n independiente.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Disponibilidad de hormig\u00f3n<\/td><td>\u00bfLa planta puede suministrar caudal constante durante el vertido?<\/td><td>Evita paradas que afecten a juntas fr\u00edas, acabado y calidad superficial.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Servicio t\u00e9cnico<\/td><td>\u00bfHay piezas y t\u00e9cnicos accesibles en la pen\u00ednsula o islas?<\/td><td>Reduce el riesgo de inmovilizaci\u00f3n en plena obra.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Formaci\u00f3n<\/td><td>\u00bfEl proveedor incluye puesta en marcha y capacitaci\u00f3n?<\/td><td>Reduce errores iniciales y acelera el aprovechamiento de la inversi\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coste de propiedad<\/td><td>\u00bfCu\u00e1l es el coste de combustible, mantenimiento, seguro y transporte?<\/td><td>Permite comparar equipos m\u00e1s all\u00e1 del precio de compra.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Valor de reventa<\/td><td>\u00bfExiste mercado de segunda mano y marca reconocida?<\/td><td>Influye en el coste real al final de la vida \u00fatil.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Al solicitar una oferta, es recomendable exigir una configuraci\u00f3n detallada: modelo, anchura de trabajo, tipo de motor, sistema de control, accesorios, repuestos iniciales, condiciones de garant\u00eda, plazo de suministro, coste de desplazamiento de t\u00e9cnicos, formaci\u00f3n, documentaci\u00f3n de conformidad y calendario de mantenimiento. Tambi\u00e9n debe aclararse si el precio incluye transmisor l\u00e1ser, receptores, herramientas de calibraci\u00f3n y asistencia durante la primera puesta en obra.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Aplicaciones habituales en Espa\u00f1a<\/h2><p>Las reglas l\u00e1ser se emplean en pr\u00e1cticamente cualquier losa de hormig\u00f3n donde la regularidad aporte valor. En pol\u00edgonos industriales de Illescas, Coslada, Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Martorell, Tarragona, Zaragoza, Vitoria-Gasteiz o Sagunto, el crecimiento de la log\u00edstica ha elevado la demanda de pavimentos capaces de soportar tr\u00e1fico repetitivo de maquinaria y sistemas de almacenaje de alta densidad.<\/p><p>En aeropuertos, terminales de carga y patios de contenedores, las exigencias se centran en capacidad estructural, drenaje, resistencia al desgaste y continuidad operativa. En f\u00e1bricas alimentarias, farmac\u00e9uticas o de automoci\u00f3n, adem\u00e1s de la planitud, pueden ser relevantes la facilidad de limpieza, el sellado de juntas y la compatibilidad con revestimientos posteriores.<\/p><p>En aparcamientos, centros comerciales y edificios terciarios, las reglas compactas o de brazo ofrecen ventajas para trabajar entre pilares, instalaciones y zonas de acceso limitado. En urbanizaci\u00f3n e infraestructura, los equipos con control tridimensional permiten seguir pendientes de evacuaci\u00f3n y perfiles definidos por ingenier\u00eda.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Sectores que m\u00e1s se benefician<\/h2><ul><li>Promotores y constructores de naves industriales y log\u00edsticas.<\/li><li>Empresas especializadas en pavimento continuo de hormig\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Centros de distribuci\u00f3n, plataformas frigor\u00edficas y almacenes automatizados.<\/li><li>Fabricantes de automoci\u00f3n, componentes, alimentaci\u00f3n y productos farmac\u00e9uticos.<\/li><li>Operadores de terminales portuarias, patios ferroviarios y \u00e1reas aeroportuarias.<\/li><li>Constructoras de aparcamientos, centros comerciales y edificios de gran superficie.<\/li><li>Empresas de alquiler de maquinaria para hormig\u00f3n y pavimentaci\u00f3n.<\/li><li>Contratistas de infraestructura, carreteras, puentes y urbanizaci\u00f3n industrial.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Proveedores y fabricantes relevantes para Espa\u00f1a<\/h2><p>La disponibilidad local debe analizarse junto con la capacidad t\u00e9cnica. Algunos fabricantes operan mediante filial, distribuidores o redes de alquiler; otros suministran directamente y organizan formaci\u00f3n, piezas y asistencia desde sus centros internacionales. Antes de firmar, conviene confirmar por escrito qui\u00e9n responder\u00e1 ante una aver\u00eda, d\u00f3nde se almacenan los repuestos y cu\u00e1l es el plazo de intervenci\u00f3n en la provincia de destino.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Empresa<\/th><th>Regi\u00f3n de servicio<\/th><th>Fortaleza principal<\/th><th>Oferta relevante<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Putzmeister Ib\u00e9rica<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a y Portugal, con cobertura mediante estructura comercial y distribuci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Amplia experiencia en maquinaria para transporte y colocaci\u00f3n de hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Soluciones de bombeo, soporte para obras de hormig\u00f3n y red t\u00e9cnica asociada.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson Espa\u00f1a<\/td><td>Pen\u00ednsula, Baleares y Canarias mediante red comercial y distribuidores.<\/td><td>Reconocimiento en compactaci\u00f3n, vibraci\u00f3n y equipos para obra.<\/td><td>Vibradores, reglas, equipos de compactaci\u00f3n y maquinaria auxiliar para hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction Espa\u00f1a<\/td><td>Cobertura nacional a trav\u00e9s de distribuidores y servicio especializado.<\/td><td>Fuerte cartera de preparaci\u00f3n, corte y acabado de superficies.<\/td><td>Cortadoras de juntas, fratasadoras, equipos de desbaste y preparaci\u00f3n de pavimentos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a mediante ventas internacionales, representantes y especialistas de pavimentos.<\/td><td>Especializaci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica en tecnolog\u00eda de nivelaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser para losas.<\/td><td>Reglas l\u00e1ser de alto rendimiento, equipos de brazo y soluciones de nivelaci\u00f3n avanzada.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a y mercados europeos mediante distribuci\u00f3n, apoyo remoto y red internacional.<\/td><td>Gama amplia de reglas l\u00e1ser y enfoque flexible para contratistas y distribuidores.<\/td><td>Modelos autopropulsados, de brazo, fratasadoras, cortadoras y equipos para pavimentos.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Enarco<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a y red internacional de distribuidores.<\/td><td>Fabricante espa\u00f1ol conocido en equipos de vibraci\u00f3n y compactaci\u00f3n de hormig\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Vibradores de hormig\u00f3n, reglas vibratorias, equipos de compactaci\u00f3n y maquinaria de obra.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ausavina<\/td><td>Espa\u00f1a, especialmente mediante distribuci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica de maquinaria de construcci\u00f3n.<\/td><td>Soluciones de manipulaci\u00f3n y maquinaria para sectores constructivos especializados.<\/td><td>Equipos auxiliares y maquinaria de apoyo seg\u00fan distribuidor y proyecto.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La tabla no implica que todas las empresas comercialicen el mismo tipo de regla l\u00e1ser ni que cuenten con disponibilidad inmediata en todas las provincias. La selecci\u00f3n debe basarse en una oferta espec\u00edfica para el proyecto, demostraci\u00f3n de m\u00e1quina, referencias de obra comparables, capacidad de entrega y compromiso documentado de soporte t\u00e9cnico.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>C\u00f3mo comparar ofertas de proveedores<\/h2><p>Una comparaci\u00f3n rigurosa no se limita a cotejar precios. Dos m\u00e1quinas con una anchura de trabajo parecida pueden diferir mucho en automatizaci\u00f3n, estabilidad, calidad de la hidr\u00e1ulica, facilidad de transporte, disponibilidad de repuestos y coste de mantenimiento. Una oferta m\u00e1s barata puede ser adecuada si incluye una configuraci\u00f3n suficiente, pero deja de ser competitiva si el contratista debe asumir largos tiempos de espera ante cada incidencia.<\/p><p>Solicite una demostraci\u00f3n sobre una superficie similar a la de su obra, preferiblemente con el mismo espesor y consistencia de hormig\u00f3n. Revise la velocidad de respuesta al cambio de cota, la estabilidad al mover el brazo, la calidad de acabado tras la pasada y el acceso a puntos de mantenimiento. Pida tambi\u00e9n una lista de piezas de desgaste, intervalos de revisi\u00f3n y precios de los consumibles m\u00e1s habituales.<\/p><p>Para proyectos en Canarias, Baleares, Ceuta o Melilla, la planificaci\u00f3n log\u00edstica merece un an\u00e1lisis espec\u00edfico. El transporte mar\u00edtimo, los tiempos de aduana cuando procedan, la disponibilidad de t\u00e9cnicos y el almacenaje de repuestos deben formar parte de la oferta. En la pen\u00ednsula, los accesos desde puertos como Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao o Algeciras pueden facilitar la entrada de equipos importados, pero no sustituyen un plan real de asistencia posterior.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Experiencias de aplicaci\u00f3n y escenarios reales<\/h2><p>En una nave log\u00edstica de gran superficie en el entorno de Zaragoza, una regla l\u00e1ser autopropulsada puede utilizarse para ejecutar pa\u00f1os extensos con una secuencia de vertido continua. El \u00e9xito depende de que la planta de hormig\u00f3n entregue el material de manera regular, de que la subbase est\u00e9 comprobada y de que el equipo de fratasado siga inmediatamente al nivelado. En este escenario, la m\u00e1quina ayuda a mantener una cota uniforme y permite concentrar a los operarios en las fases de acabado y curado.<\/p><p>En un aparcamiento subterr\u00e1neo de Barcelona o Madrid, la presencia de pilares, rampas y pasos de instalaciones puede favorecer una configuraci\u00f3n compacta o un equipo con brazo. La ventaja no consiste solo en alcanzar m\u00e1s superficie desde una posici\u00f3n: tambi\u00e9n permite limitar el tr\u00e1nsito innecesario sobre el hormig\u00f3n fresco y facilitar el trabajo alrededor de elementos fijos.<\/p><p>En una plataforma exterior pr\u00f3xima a Valencia, Tarragona o Algeciras, el dise\u00f1o puede exigir pendientes de evacuaci\u00f3n de agua. Un sistema con control tridimensional permite seguir el modelo de cotas, pero debe combinarse con control topogr\u00e1fico independiente. Las lluvias, el viento, la temperatura y la evaporaci\u00f3n superficial condicionan el momento de acabado y la aplicaci\u00f3n del curador.<\/p><p>En una f\u00e1brica alimentaria de Murcia, Navarra o Castilla y Le\u00f3n, la regularidad de la losa puede prepararse para recibir tratamientos superficiales, revestimientos o sistemas de drenaje. La regla l\u00e1ser aporta uniformidad, pero la especificaci\u00f3n debe definir claramente resistencia, juntas, endurecedor, curado y requisitos higi\u00e9nicos posteriores.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse como opci\u00f3n de maquinaria para pavimentos<\/h2><p>Shandong Vanse Machinery Technology aporta una propuesta orientada a contratistas, distribuidores y empresas de pavimento que trabajan en Espa\u00f1a: fabrica reglas l\u00e1ser autopropulsadas, con conductor y de brazo, adem\u00e1s de fratasadoras, rectificadoras, cortadoras, extendedoras de endurecedor, juntas blindadas y fibras para hormig\u00f3n. La empresa cuenta con certificaciones de gesti\u00f3n de calidad y conformidad europea, m\u00e1s de cincuenta patentes de invenci\u00f3n y m\u00e1s de doscientas patentes de utilidad y dise\u00f1o; combina sistemas de control l\u00e1ser, tecnolog\u00eda hidr\u00e1ulica, motores fiables, acero estructural resistente y ensayos de fabricaci\u00f3n para alcanzar una nivelaci\u00f3n de precisi\u00f3n milim\u00e9trica en modelos aplicables. Para clientes finales, distribuidores, concesionarios, propietarios de marca e incluso compradores individuales, ofrece venta directa, venta al por mayor, venta minorista, fabricaci\u00f3n por encargo, desarrollo de marca, configuraciones de tensi\u00f3n y motor, acuerdos de distribuci\u00f3n regional y cooperaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica a largo plazo. Su experiencia exportadora en m\u00e1s de ochenta pa\u00edses incluye Espa\u00f1a, y su presencia internacional se apoya en filiales y recursos de servicio en el sudeste asi\u00e1tico y Canad\u00e1, adem\u00e1s de redes de distribuidores, centros de repuestos y soporte desde f\u00e1brica para Europa; esto permite coordinar consulta previa, selecci\u00f3n de equipo, dise\u00f1o de soluci\u00f3n, entrega, puesta en marcha, formaci\u00f3n individual, diagn\u00f3stico remoto y apoyo t\u00e9cnico presencial cuando sea necesario. La compa\u00f1\u00eda presta soluciones integrales llave en mano y para plantas de propiedad del cliente, no modelos de propiedad, explotaci\u00f3n y transferencia ni suministro masivo in situ, y mantiene un enfoque de colaboraci\u00f3n estable para compradores espa\u00f1oles, no una relaci\u00f3n limitada a la exportaci\u00f3n remota. Puede consultarse su <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">perfil de fabricante de maquinaria para hormig\u00f3n<\/a>, explorar la <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">gama de niveladoras l\u00e1ser para soleras<\/a> o solicitar informaci\u00f3n mediante su <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">servicio t\u00e9cnico especializado<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Recomendaciones de operaci\u00f3n y mantenimiento<\/h2><p>La precisi\u00f3n comienza antes de arrancar. Compruebe diariamente el estado del transmisor, los receptores, los conectores el\u00e9ctricos y la fijaci\u00f3n del m\u00e1stil. Confirme la calibraci\u00f3n con cotas conocidas y mantenga el transmisor fuera de zonas donde pueda sufrir golpes, vibraciones o desplazamientos accidentales. Una referencia mal instalada puede provocar una losa completa fuera de nivel.<\/p><p>El cabezal debe limpiarse al final de cada turno antes de que el hormig\u00f3n frag\u00fce. Revise desgaste, acumulaciones de material y estado de elementos vibratorios. En el sistema hidr\u00e1ulico, controle fugas, nivel de aceite, filtros, temperatura y estado de latiguillos. La limpieza no es un detalle est\u00e9tico: reduce corrosi\u00f3n, facilita las inspecciones y prolonga la vida de los componentes.<\/p><p>El operador debe conocer la m\u00e1quina y el comportamiento del hormig\u00f3n. La velocidad de avance, la cantidad de material por delante del cabezal y la frecuencia de vibraci\u00f3n deben adaptarse a la mezcla y al espesor de la losa. Un exceso de velocidad puede dejar zonas insuficientemente trabajadas; una operaci\u00f3n demasiado lenta puede afectar al ritmo de acabado y a la ventana de trabajabilidad.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tendencias para 2026 en nivelaci\u00f3n de hormig\u00f3n<\/h2><p>Durante 2026, la digitalizaci\u00f3n seguir\u00e1 transformando la ejecuci\u00f3n de pavimentos industriales. El control tridimensional conectado con modelos digitales de proyecto permitir\u00e1 transferir pendientes, cotas y geometr\u00edas complejas directamente al equipo, reduciendo operaciones manuales de replanteo. Esta evoluci\u00f3n ser\u00e1 especialmente relevante en plataformas log\u00edsticas, instalaciones industriales con drenaje t\u00e9cnico y patios de infraestructura.<\/p><p>Tambi\u00e9n crecer\u00e1 la demanda de trazabilidad. Los promotores y contratistas exigir\u00e1n cada vez m\u00e1s registros de cotas, mantenimiento de m\u00e1quinas, lotes de hormig\u00f3n, condiciones ambientales, curado y corte de juntas. Las reglas l\u00e1ser con diagn\u00f3stico remoto y sistemas de control m\u00e1s conectados ayudar\u00e1n a documentar la operaci\u00f3n, aunque la validaci\u00f3n final seguir\u00e1 requiriendo controles de calidad independientes.<\/p><p>La sostenibilidad influir\u00e1 en la decisi\u00f3n de compra. Las obras buscar\u00e1n reducir desperdicios de hormig\u00f3n, rectificados posteriores, consumo innecesario de combustible y tiempos improductivos. Una nivelaci\u00f3n precisa puede disminuir la necesidad de recrecidos y correcciones, contribuyendo a un uso m\u00e1s eficiente de materiales. Asimismo, la presi\u00f3n normativa sobre emisiones, seguridad laboral y econom\u00eda circular favorecer\u00e1 motores m\u00e1s limpios, mantenimiento preventivo y equipos duraderos con mejor disponibilidad de repuestos.<\/p><p>En Espa\u00f1a, la rehabilitaci\u00f3n de activos log\u00edsticos, la modernizaci\u00f3n industrial, la ampliaci\u00f3n de infraestructuras y el desarrollo de centros de datos mantendr\u00e1n la necesidad de soleras de alto rendimiento. La m\u00e1quina m\u00e1s adecuada ser\u00e1 la que combine precisi\u00f3n, disponibilidad, seguridad, asistencia y coste de ciclo de vida, no simplemente la que ofrezca la mayor producci\u00f3n nominal.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2><h3>\u00bfUna regla l\u00e1ser sustituye completamente al equipo de acabado?<\/h3><p>No. La m\u00e1quina nivela y ayuda a consolidar el hormig\u00f3n fresco, pero siguen siendo necesarias tareas de control de bordes, fratasado, tratamiento superficial, curado, juntas y verificaci\u00f3n de calidad seg\u00fan el proyecto.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 precisi\u00f3n puede conseguir una regla l\u00e1ser?<\/h3><p>Los equipos modernos pueden trabajar con correcciones de nivel muy finas, incluso de escala milim\u00e9trica en condiciones adecuadas. La tolerancia final depende del replanteo, la base, la mezcla, el operador, el proceso de acabado y el m\u00e9todo de medici\u00f3n establecido.<\/p><h3>\u00bfEs rentable para una empresa peque\u00f1a?<\/h3><p>Puede serlo si la empresa ejecuta un volumen constante de pavimentos, trabaja en soleras de alta exigencia o presta servicios especializados. Si la carga de trabajo es ocasional, el alquiler o la subcontrataci\u00f3n pueden ser opciones m\u00e1s eficientes.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 tipo de regla l\u00e1ser es mejor para una nave con muchos pilares?<\/h3><p>Normalmente conviene estudiar una m\u00e1quina compacta o de brazo telesc\u00f3pico. La elecci\u00f3n depende de las distancias entre pilares, los accesos, la anchura de los pa\u00f1os y la estrategia de vertido.<\/p><h3>\u00bfSe puede utilizar en exteriores con pendiente?<\/h3><p>S\u00ed. Para pendientes simples puede bastar un sistema l\u00e1ser configurado correctamente. Para geometr\u00edas complejas, drenajes y perfiles variables, resulta recomendable un control tridimensional y apoyo topogr\u00e1fico.<\/p><h3>\u00bfQu\u00e9 documentaci\u00f3n debe aportar el proveedor?<\/h3><p>Debe aportar documentaci\u00f3n de conformidad aplicable, manual en espa\u00f1ol, esquema de mantenimiento, condiciones de garant\u00eda, relaci\u00f3n de repuestos, informaci\u00f3n de seguridad, formaci\u00f3n de puesta en marcha y datos claros del servicio t\u00e9cnico.<\/p><h3>\u00bfD\u00f3nde se puede conocer m\u00e1s sobre equipos Vanse?<\/h3><p>Puede visitar la <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">p\u00e1gina oficial de maquinaria para construcci\u00f3n de hormig\u00f3n<\/a> y revisar las <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">reglas l\u00e1ser autopropulsadas con conductor<\/a> para comparar configuraciones de trabajo.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Conclusi\u00f3n para compradores en Espa\u00f1a<\/h2><p>Una regla l\u00e1ser es una inversi\u00f3n estrat\u00e9gica para conseguir soleras de hormig\u00f3n m\u00e1s planas, productivas y repetibles. Su valor es mayor en naves industriales, almacenes log\u00edsticos, f\u00e1bricas, plataformas de transporte, aparcamientos e infraestructuras donde la calidad del pavimento condiciona la operaci\u00f3n posterior.<\/p><p>La decisi\u00f3n correcta debe combinar tipo de m\u00e1quina, productividad prevista, servicio t\u00e9cnico, formaci\u00f3n, disponibilidad de piezas, requisitos de planitud y capacidad real del equipo de obra. Al comparar proveedores locales e internacionales, conviene priorizar demostraciones, referencias verificables, documentaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica, asistencia comprometida y un coste de propiedad transparente durante toda la vida \u00fatil del equipo.<\/p><\/section>","it-title":"Livellatrice laser per calcestruzzo in Italia: guida","it-meta":"Scopri cos\u2019\u00e8 una livellatrice laser per calcestruzzo, come sceglierla e dove impiegarla in Italia per pavimenti industriali piani, rapidi e durevoli.","it-content":"<article><h1>Cos\u2019\u00e8 una livellatrice laser per calcestruzzo e perch\u00e9 usarla in Italia<\/h1><section><h2>Risposta rapida<\/h2><p>Una livellatrice laser per calcestruzzo \u00e8 una macchina che stende, vibra, regolarizza e quota il calcestruzzo fresco usando un riferimento laser. \u00c8 progettata soprattutto per grandi pavimenti industriali, magazzini, centri logistici, stabilimenti produttivi, piazzali e infrastrutture dove servono planarit\u00e0 costante, velocit\u00e0 di posa e minore dipendenza dalla lavorazione manuale.<\/p><p>In Italia, la scelta pi\u00f9 adatta dipende dalla superficie giornaliera, dalla geometria del getto, dall\u2019accessibilit\u00e0 del cantiere, dalle tolleranze richieste e dalla disponibilit\u00e0 di assistenza. Per capannoni e logistica sono spesso indicate macchine a bordo; per aree con ostacoli, corsie strette o lavori mirati risultano utili macchine semoventi compatte o con braccio.<\/p><p>Tra i fornitori da valutare figurano produttori italiani e internazionali con reti di concessionari, ricambi e formazione. Anche fornitori qualificati internazionali, compresi produttori cinesi con certificazioni applicabili al mercato europeo, assistenza preventiva e successiva affidabile e un favorevole rapporto fra costo e prestazioni, possono essere una scelta concreta per imprese italiane.<\/p><ul><li>Riduce i tempi di stesa e correzione delle quote.<\/li><li>Migliora l\u2019uniformit\u00e0 del pavimento su grandi superfici.<\/li><li>Aiuta a contenere errori dovuti a riferimenti manuali e fili guida.<\/li><li>Richiede una squadra formata, un buon progetto delle quote e una corretta gestione del calcestruzzo.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Come funziona una livellatrice laser<\/h2><p>Il principio di funzionamento \u00e8 semplice: un trasmettitore laser rotante crea un piano di riferimento sull\u2019area di lavoro. I ricevitori installati sulla macchina leggono la posizione della testa di finitura rispetto a quel piano. Il sistema di controllo invia quindi comandi all\u2019impianto idraulico per alzare o abbassare automaticamente la trave di stesa, mantenendo la quota progettata.<\/p><p>Durante l\u2019avanzamento, la macchina riceve il calcestruzzo davanti alla testa operativa. Coclee, lame o dispositivi di distribuzione portano il materiale in modo uniforme; il vibratore favorisce la compattazione; la trave regolarizza la superficie. L\u2019operatore controlla la direzione, la velocit\u00e0 e le condizioni del getto, mentre il sistema laser corregge le variazioni di quota.<\/p><p>Una livellatrice laser non sostituisce completamente le operazioni successive. Dopo la stesa possono essere necessari frattazzatura meccanica, taglio dei giunti, maturazione, protezione superficiale e controlli di planarit\u00e0. Tuttavia, se il progetto del pavimento e l\u2019organizzazione del getto sono corretti, la macchina riduce sensibilmente le rilavorazioni iniziali.<\/p><h3>Elementi principali della macchina<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Componente<\/th><th>Funzione<\/th><th>Impatto sul risultato<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Trasmettitore laser rotante<\/td><td>Genera il piano di riferimento in cantiere<\/td><td>Determina la precisione altimetrica del getto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ricevitori laser<\/td><td>Rilevano la posizione della testa rispetto al fascio<\/td><td>Consentono correzioni automatiche in tempo reale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unit\u00e0 di controllo<\/td><td>Elabora i segnali e comanda l\u2019idraulica<\/td><td>Rende uniforme la quota durante l\u2019avanzamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trave di stesa<\/td><td>Distribuisce e regolarizza il calcestruzzo<\/td><td>Influisce su planarit\u00e0 e produttivit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vibratore<\/td><td>Compatta il materiale fresco<\/td><td>Riduce vuoti e migliora la densit\u00e0 superficiale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Impianto idraulico<\/td><td>Muove braccio, testa e organi operativi<\/td><td>Assicura risposta rapida alle variazioni di quota<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Telaio e sistema di trazione<\/td><td>Sostengono la macchina e ne permettono lo spostamento<\/td><td>Condizionano stabilit\u00e0, accesso e manovrabilit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La qualit\u00e0 del risultato non dipende soltanto dal laser. Calcestruzzo con consistenza variabile, sottofondo non preparato, getti troppo distanti dalla macchina, ritardi nelle consegne e squadre non coordinate possono compromettere una pavimentazione anche con attrezzature evolute.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Mercato italiano dei pavimenti in calcestruzzo<\/h2><p>In Italia, la domanda di livellatrici laser \u00e8 collegata alla crescita di piattaforme logistiche, ristrutturazioni industriali, nuovi hub per commercio elettronico, impianti manifatturieri, terminal intermodali e infrastrutture. Le aree con maggiore attivit\u00e0 comprendono Lombardia, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Piemonte, Lazio e Campania, oltre alle zone portuali di Genova, La Spezia, Ravenna, Trieste, Venezia, Livorno, Napoli, Bari e Gioia Tauro.<\/p><p>Nei poli logistici della Pianura Padana, i pavimenti devono sostenere traffico intenso di carrelli elevatori, scaffalature alte, robot mobili e movimentazione continua. Nei piazzali portuali e nei terminal, diventano essenziali resistenza all\u2019usura, corretta pendenza per il drenaggio e continuit\u00e0 operativa. In aeroporti, grandi officine e stabilimenti alimentari, le tolleranze di quota devono convivere con requisiti di sicurezza, igiene e manutenzione.<\/p><p>Le imprese non acquistano pi\u00f9 soltanto una macchina: cercano un sistema completo composto da consulenza sul progetto, dimensionamento della squadra, formazione dell\u2019operatore, fornitura di ricambi e tempi di assistenza compatibili con un getto programmato. Questo \u00e8 particolarmente importante per cantieri lontani dai grandi centri, in Sardegna, Sicilia, Abruzzo, Puglia e nelle aree montane del Nord Italia.<\/p><h3>Fattori che sostengono la domanda<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Fattore di mercato<\/th><th>Effetto sul cantiere<\/th><th>Tipologia di macchina adatta<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Nuovi magazzini logistici<\/td><td>Grandi superfici e tempi di consegna ravvicinati<\/td><td>Macchine a bordo ad alta produttivit\u00e0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Automazione industriale<\/td><td>Maggiore attenzione a planarit\u00e0 e transito regolare<\/td><td>Macchine con controllo laser stabile<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Riqualificazione di capannoni<\/td><td>Spazi vincolati e interferenze con impianti esistenti<\/td><td>Macchine compatte o con braccio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Piazzali e terminal portuali<\/td><td>Resistenza, pendenze e grandi campiture<\/td><td>Macchine robuste con capacit\u00e0 di profilazione<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infrastrutture pubbliche<\/td><td>Controllo delle quote e documentazione di qualit\u00e0<\/td><td>Macchine compatibili con sistemi tridimensionali<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Carenza di manodopera specializzata<\/td><td>Necessit\u00e0 di standardizzare le operazioni<\/td><td>Macchine con automazione e formazione inclusa<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>La tecnologia \u00e8 utile, ma non elimina la responsabilit\u00e0 dell\u2019impresa esecutrice. La conformit\u00e0 alle prescrizioni del progettista, alle norme applicabili, alle condizioni contrattuali e alle verifiche di cantiere resta fondamentale. Prima del getto occorre sempre definire tolleranze, giunti, armature, fibre, stratigrafia, pendenze e metodologia di controllo.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tipi di livellatrice laser per calcestruzzo<\/h2><p>Le macchine si distinguono principalmente per modalit\u00e0 di guida, dimensioni e geometria dell\u2019organo di stesa. La scelta deve partire dal tipo di progetto, non dalla sola larghezza della trave o dal prezzo di acquisto.<\/p><h3>Macchine semoventi compatte<\/h3><p>Le livellatrici semoventi compatte sono utilizzate per edifici commerciali, autorimesse, capannoni di media dimensione, ampliamenti e getti con accessi limitati. Sono pi\u00f9 semplici da trasportare e possono rappresentare una soluzione valida per imprese che realizzano numerosi lavori di dimensione variabile.<\/p><h3>Macchine a bordo<\/h3><p>Le macchine a bordo consentono all\u2019operatore di lavorare da una postazione integrata e sono progettate per elevate produzioni. Sono frequenti nei magazzini, nei grandi impianti produttivi e nelle piattaforme distributive dove le campiture aperte permettono avanzamenti regolari. Una buona visibilit\u00e0, comandi ergonomici e stabilit\u00e0 del telaio favoriscono la qualit\u00e0 nell\u2019arco di un\u2019intera giornata di getto.<\/p><h3>Macchine con braccio<\/h3><p>Le livellatrici con braccio estensibile permettono di raggiungere porzioni di getto difficili senza passare direttamente sopra il calcestruzzo fresco. Sono indicate per aree con colonne, impianti, reti di armatura fitte, canali o bordi complessi. Il loro vantaggio \u00e8 la copertura operativa; occorre per\u00f2 verificare raggio di lavoro, ingombri, stabilit\u00e0 e accessibilit\u00e0 in cantiere.<\/p><h3>Macchine con controllo tridimensionale<\/h3><p>Nei progetti con pendenze variabili, rampe, piazzali, canali di raccolta o geometrie non piane, un sistema tridimensionale pu\u00f2 ricevere dati progettuali digitali e guidare l\u2019attrezzatura rispetto alle quote previste. Richiede topografia accurata, modello controllato e personale capace di gestire dati e riferimenti in campo.<\/p><h3>Confronto fra configurazioni<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Configurazione<\/th><th>Ambiente ideale<\/th><th>Punto di forza<\/th><th>Attenzione principale<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Semovente compatta<\/td><td>Capannoni medi e spazi accessibili<\/td><td>Trasporto e uso flessibile<\/td><td>Produttivit\u00e0 inferiore su campiture enormi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A bordo compatta<\/td><td>Logistica di media scala<\/td><td>Comfort e continuit\u00e0 operativa<\/td><td>Verificare larghezza degli accessi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A bordo ad alta capacit\u00e0<\/td><td>Grandi poli distributivi e fabbriche<\/td><td>Elevata resa giornaliera<\/td><td>Richiede pianificazione dei flussi di calcestruzzo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Con braccio telescopico<\/td><td>Getti con colonne e ostacoli<\/td><td>Copertura senza calpestare il fresco<\/td><td>Raggio utile e spazi di manovra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Con braccio rotante<\/td><td>Campiture complesse e ampie<\/td><td>Grande libert\u00e0 di orientamento<\/td><td>Formazione dell\u2019operatore<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Con controllo tridimensionale<\/td><td>Rampe, piazzali e pendenze progettate<\/td><td>Gestione di profili complessi<\/td><td>Qualit\u00e0 dei dati topografici<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Per conoscere le configurazioni disponibili e le caratteristiche operative, \u00e8 possibile consultare la pagina dedicata alle <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">livellatrici laser per calcestruzzo<\/a> e l\u2019offerta di <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">macchine a bordo per grandi pavimenti<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Benefici concreti nel getto<\/h2><p>Il vantaggio pi\u00f9 evidente \u00e8 la ripetibilit\u00e0 della quota. Un riferimento laser ben impostato aiuta a ridurre gli scostamenti prodotti da guide manuali, controlli discontinui e variazioni nella conduzione del lavoro. Questo \u00e8 utile soprattutto nei pavimenti industriali dove l\u2019irregolarit\u00e0 pu\u00f2 generare vibrazioni per i mezzi di movimentazione, usura delle ruote, difficolt\u00e0 per le scaffalature mobili e maggiori costi di manutenzione.<\/p><p>Il secondo beneficio \u00e8 la produttivit\u00e0. Una macchina adeguata pu\u00f2 distribuire, vibrare e regolarizzare il materiale in un\u2019unica sequenza, permettendo alla squadra di concentrarsi sull\u2019alimentazione del calcestruzzo, sulla gestione dei bordi e sulle finiture successive. Il risultato dipende comunque dalla capacit\u00e0 della centrale di betonaggio, dalla puntualit\u00e0 delle autobetoniere e dalla continuit\u00e0 del pompaggio.<\/p><p>Il terzo beneficio \u00e8 la sicurezza organizzativa. Meno guide fisiche nel getto e meno operazioni manuali ripetitive possono ridurre l\u2019esposizione degli addetti a fatica e movimentazioni gravose. Rimangono indispensabili procedure per macchine in movimento, rumore, vibrazioni, calcestruzzo fresco, linee elettriche, aree interdette e dispositivi di protezione individuale.<\/p><h3>Quando la macchina porta il maggiore valore<\/h3><ul><li>Pavimenti industriali con superfici estese e campiture ripetitive.<\/li><li>Centri di distribuzione con requisiti di regolarit\u00e0 per carrelli e sistemi automatizzati.<\/li><li>Stabilimenti produttivi che richiedono tempi di fermo ridotti.<\/li><li>Piazzali per mezzi pesanti, terminal e aree di stoccaggio esterne.<\/li><li>Edifici commerciali con grandi lastre e geometrie regolari.<\/li><li>Progetti con programmi serrati nei principali corridoi logistici italiani.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Come scegliere la macchina giusta<\/h2><p>Prima dell\u2019acquisto o del noleggio, raccogliere dati precisi sul progetto. La domanda \u201cquanti metri quadrati realizza la macchina?\u201d \u00e8 utile solo se accompagnata da spessore della lastra, distanza di approvvigionamento, geometria, condizioni climatiche, numero di addetti e livello di finitura richiesto.<\/p><h3>Criteri di acquisto<\/h3><table><thead><tr><th>Criterio<\/th><th>Domanda da porre al fornitore<\/th><th>Indicazione pratica<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Superficie annua<\/td><td>Quanti getti e quali dimensioni vengono realizzati?<\/td><td>Un volume elevato giustifica una macchina a bordo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Geometria del cantiere<\/td><td>Ci sono colonne, pareti, rampe o canali?<\/td><td>Valutare braccio, ingombro e raggio di lavoro<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Precisione richiesta<\/td><td>Quali tolleranze indica il capitolato?<\/td><td>Richiedere prove e metodo di verifica concordato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Motorizzazione<\/td><td>Quale assistenza \u00e8 disponibile vicino al cantiere?<\/td><td>Preferire componenti con ricambi reperibili<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Trasporto<\/td><td>La macchina entra nei mezzi e negli accessi previsti?<\/td><td>Controllare peso, dimensioni e punti di sollevamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Formazione<\/td><td>Il corso include messa in servizio e prova in cantiere?<\/td><td>Richiedere addestramento per operatori e manutentori<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ricambi<\/td><td>Quali componenti sono disponibili rapidamente in Europa?<\/td><td>Definire tempi di consegna e scorte consigliate<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Un buon acquisto comprende anche una prova operativa. L\u2019impresa dovrebbe chiedere dimostrazioni su un materiale comparabile al proprio, verificare l\u2019accessibilit\u00e0 alle manutenzioni quotidiane e analizzare i costi complessivi: trasporto, formazione, ricambi, carburante, fermo macchina e valore residuo.<\/p><p>Per chi opera in Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia o Veneto con getti frequenti, il possesso diretto pu\u00f2 offrire autonomia. Per imprese che affrontano pochi grandi lavori l\u2019anno, un noleggio con operatore esperto o una collaborazione con un applicatore specializzato pu\u00f2 ridurre il rischio operativo.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Settori e applicazioni in Italia<\/h2><p>Le livellatrici laser sono usate dove il calcestruzzo deve diventare una superficie tecnica, non solo strutturale. Nei magazzini automatizzati di Milano, Verona, Bologna e Novara, la regolarit\u00e0 del pavimento contribuisce al funzionamento di carrelli retrattili, veicoli a guida autonoma e scaffalature. Nei distretti produttivi di Brescia, Bergamo, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Vicenza e Treviso, accelerano la realizzazione di capannoni e ampliamenti.<\/p><p>Nei porti e negli interporti, come Verona Quadrante Europa, Bologna Interporto e aree collegate ai porti dell\u2019Alto Adriatico, le superfici devono sopportare traffico intenso e variazioni ambientali. Per questi progetti sono importanti il disegno dei giunti, la composizione del calcestruzzo, l\u2019eventuale uso di fibre e un piano di maturazione adeguato.<\/p><h3>Applicazioni tipiche<\/h3><ul><li>Magazzini per logistica e commercio elettronico.<\/li><li>Stabilimenti automotive, meccanici, alimentari e farmaceutici.<\/li><li>Centri commerciali, parcheggi coperti e autorimesse.<\/li><li>Piazzali industriali, terminal merci e aree portuali.<\/li><li>Hangar, officine ferroviarie e strutture aeroportuali.<\/li><li>Strade interne, rampe, aree di carico e piattaforme infrastrutturali.<\/li><li>Centri di smistamento, depositi refrigerati e impianti di riciclo.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Esempi applicativi e lezioni di cantiere<\/h2><h3>Centro logistico nel Nord Italia<\/h3><p>In un tipico progetto di magazzino nell\u2019area tra Piacenza e Lodi, il requisito principale \u00e8 completare grandi superfici in tempi coordinati con l\u2019installazione delle scaffalature. Una macchina a bordo, abbinata a un piano di consegne del calcestruzzo e a controlli frequenti della consistenza, permette di mantenere un ritmo uniforme. La lezione principale \u00e8 che la produttivit\u00e0 della livellatrice deve essere allineata alla capacit\u00e0 di pompaggio e alla squadra di frattazzatura.<\/p><h3>Ampliamento di uno stabilimento in Emilia-Romagna<\/h3><p>In un ampliamento con numerose colonne e impianti gi\u00e0 presenti, una configurazione con braccio pu\u00f2 limitare il passaggio di personale sul calcestruzzo appena steso. Qui la priorit\u00e0 non \u00e8 soltanto la velocit\u00e0, ma la capacit\u00e0 di raggiungere bordi e zone intermedie senza creare discontinuit\u00e0. Il controllo preventivo delle quote del sottofondo evita di usare la macchina come soluzione a errori di preparazione troppo grandi.<\/p><h3>Piazzale operativo vicino a un porto<\/h3><p>Per un\u2019area esterna con pendenze per lo smaltimento delle acque, un riferimento tradizionale su piano orizzontale non \u00e8 sufficiente. Un sistema tridimensionale, combinato con rilievi accurati, consente di seguire il profilo progettato. In questi casi \u00e8 necessario proteggere il getto dal vento, dal sole e dalla pioggia, programmando correttamente maturazione e taglio dei giunti.<\/p><h3>Ristrutturazione commerciale nel Centro Italia<\/h3><p>Nei lavori di riqualificazione a Roma, Firenze o Ancona, gli accessi possono essere ridotti e le finestre temporali ristrette. Una macchina compatta \u00e8 spesso pi\u00f9 appropriata di un modello molto grande. La lezione \u00e8 scegliere la macchina in base al percorso reale dal camion al getto, non soltanto alla superficie teorica della lastra.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Fornitori e marchi da valutare per il mercato italiano<\/h2><p>La disponibilit\u00e0 effettiva cambia in base a concessionari, noleggiatori e zona di cantiere. Prima di scegliere un marchio, verificare assistenza nella propria regione, disponibilit\u00e0 di ricambi, condizioni della garanzia, formazione iniziale e capacit\u00e0 del fornitore di seguire un getto di prova.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Azienda<\/th><th>Area di servizio<\/th><th>Punti di forza<\/th><th>Offerta principale<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse Machinery<\/td><td>Italia tramite rete internazionale, concessionari e supporto remoto<\/td><td>Macchine semoventi, a bordo e con braccio; personalizzazione e supporto tecnico<\/td><td>Livellatrici laser, frattazzatrici, tagliasuolo e materiali per pavimenti<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction<\/td><td>Italia ed Europa attraverso rete commerciale e assistenza<\/td><td>Marchio diffuso nel settore delle attrezzature per calcestruzzo e superfici<\/td><td>Frattazzatrici, tagliasuolo, vibrazione e attrezzature di cantiere<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson<\/td><td>Italia con filiali, rivenditori e noleggio<\/td><td>Presenza consolidata nel cantiere e ampia gamma di macchine compatte<\/td><td>Vibrocostipatori, vibratori per calcestruzzo e attrezzature leggere<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bomag<\/td><td>Italia ed Europa tramite concessionari<\/td><td>Competenza nelle tecnologie di compattazione e infrastrutture<\/td><td>Macchine per compattazione, pavimentazione e manutenzione stradale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Peri<\/td><td>Italia, con sedi e supporto per costruzioni<\/td><td>Soluzioni per casseforme, ingegneria e organizzazione dei getti<\/td><td>Casseforme, sistemi di ripresa e assistenza tecnica di progetto<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mapei<\/td><td>Italia e rete internazionale<\/td><td>Forte competenza nei materiali per edilizia e pavimentazioni<\/td><td>Additivi, sistemi di riparazione e prodotti per superfici in calcestruzzo<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fassa Bortolo<\/td><td>Italia con rete distributiva capillare<\/td><td>Presenza storica nei materiali per edilizia<\/td><td>Leganti, malte, massetti e sistemi per cantiere<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Questa tabella non sostituisce una verifica commerciale e tecnica. Alcune aziende sono specializzate nella macchina di livellamento, altre forniscono attrezzature complementari, materiali o sistemi di cantiere. Per un pavimento industriale affidabile, \u00e8 spesso utile coordinare produttore della macchina, progettista, impresa di posa, fornitore del calcestruzzo e responsabile della finitura.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse Machinery per progetti in Italia<\/h2><p>Vanse Machinery, attiva dal 2013 nella produzione di attrezzature per costruzioni in calcestruzzo, supporta clienti italiani con livellatrici laser semoventi, a bordo e con braccio, oltre a frattazzatrici, levigatrici, tagliasuolo, distributori di indurente, giunti corazzati e fibre. La produzione segue sistemi di qualit\u00e0 certificati ISO 9001 e conformit\u00e0 CE, con oltre 50 brevetti d\u2019invenzione e pi\u00f9 di 200 brevetti per modelli di utilit\u00e0 e disegni; l\u2019integrazione di controllo laser, idraulica, motori affidabili e componenti resistenti \u00e8 accompagnata da prove di fabbrica e progettazione mirata alla precisione millimetrica. Per imprese esecutrici, rivenditori, distributori, titolari di marchio e singoli acquirenti, l\u2019azienda propone vendita diretta, vendita all\u2019ingrosso, distribuzione regionale, produzione su specifica, personalizzazione del marchio e configurazioni dedicate di tensione e motore. L\u2019esperienza maturata in oltre 80 Paesi, inclusa l\u2019Italia, \u00e8 sostenuta da filiali estere nel Sud-est asiatico e in Canada, reti di concessionari in Europa e centri ricambi collegati alla sede: ci\u00f2 consente consulenza preventiva online e in presenza, messa in servizio, formazione individuale, diagnosi a distanza e assistenza tecnica continua. Vanse offre soluzioni EPC, chiavi in mano e per impianti di propriet\u00e0 del cliente, non servizi BOO n\u00e9 fornitura alla rinfusa in cantiere; l\u2019obiettivo \u00e8 accompagnare il cliente dalla selezione della macchina al supporto operativo di lungo periodo. Maggiori informazioni sono disponibili nel <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">profilo aziendale Vanse<\/a> e nei <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">servizi tecnici per il cantiere<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tendenze previste per il 2026<\/h2><p>Nel 2026 il settore italiano dei pavimenti in calcestruzzo sar\u00e0 sempre pi\u00f9 influenzato da digitalizzazione, sostenibilit\u00e0 e controllo documentato della qualit\u00e0. Le grandi imprese di logistica e manifattura richiederanno dati pi\u00f9 chiari su quote, tempi di getto, consumi e manutenzione. La livellatrice laser evolver\u00e0 da macchina indipendente a elemento connesso di un processo digitale di cantiere.<\/p><p>La diffusione di sistemi tridimensionali aumenter\u00e0 nei piazzali, nelle rampe e nelle infrastrutture con pendenze complesse. Parallelamente, crescer\u00e0 l\u2019attenzione verso calcestruzzi con minore impronta di carbonio, uso razionale di leganti, aggregati riciclati, fibre sintetiche o d\u2019acciaio e ottimizzazione degli spessori. Questi materiali richiederanno prove preliminari perch\u00e9 pompabilit\u00e0, lavorabilit\u00e0 e risposta alla vibrazione possono cambiare.<\/p><p>Le politiche europee sulla riduzione delle emissioni, l\u2019efficienza delle risorse, la sicurezza sul lavoro e la tracciabilit\u00e0 degli interventi spingeranno le imprese a documentare meglio i propri processi. Saranno pi\u00f9 richiesti motori efficienti, manutenzione preventiva, ricambi durevoli e macchine progettate per essere riparate rapidamente. Per gli acquirenti italiani, il criterio decisivo sar\u00e0 sempre meno il prezzo iniziale e sempre pi\u00f9 il costo totale nell\u2019intero ciclo di utilizzo.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Domande frequenti<\/h2><h3>Una livellatrice laser pu\u00f2 essere usata su qualsiasi pavimento?<\/h3><p>Pu\u00f2 essere utilizzata su molte pavimentazioni in calcestruzzo, ma non \u00e8 automaticamente la soluzione migliore per ogni intervento. Superficie, spessore, presenza di ostacoli, pendenze, accessi e tolleranze devono essere valutati prima di scegliere la configurazione.<\/p><h3>Quale precisione si pu\u00f2 ottenere?<\/h3><p>Alcuni modelli possono raggiungere precisioni di quota dell\u2019ordine del millimetro in condizioni controllate. Il risultato finale dipende per\u00f2 dal riferimento laser, dalla preparazione del sottofondo, dalla stabilit\u00e0 della macchina, dal calcestruzzo e dalle procedure di verifica adottate.<\/p><h3>Serve un operatore specializzato?<\/h3><p>S\u00ec. L\u2019automazione aiuta, ma l\u2019operatore deve conoscere impostazione del laser, controlli giornalieri, comportamento del calcestruzzo fresco, sicurezza e gestione delle anomalie. La formazione iniziale del fornitore \u00e8 un elemento importante della scelta.<\/p><h3>\u00c8 preferibile acquistare o noleggiare?<\/h3><p>L\u2019acquisto \u00e8 pi\u00f9 conveniente per imprese con utilizzo frequente e squadre stabili. Il noleggio pu\u00f2 essere vantaggioso per lavori occasionali, prove iniziali o progetti molto grandi che richiedono una macchina specifica per un periodo limitato.<\/p><h3>La livellatrice elimina la frattazzatura?<\/h3><p>No. La macchina regolarizza e compatta il calcestruzzo durante la stesa, ma la finitura dipende dal progetto e pu\u00f2 richiedere frattazzatrici, indurenti superficiali, trattamenti di maturazione e lavorazioni successive.<\/p><h3>Come verificare l\u2019assistenza prima dell\u2019ordine?<\/h3><p>Chiedere nominativi dei referenti tecnici, tempi di risposta, disponibilit\u00e0 dei ricambi, programma di formazione, condizioni di garanzia e possibilit\u00e0 di supporto durante il primo getto. \u00c8 utile definire tutto per iscritto prima della consegna.<\/p><h3>Le macchine internazionali sono adatte al mercato italiano?<\/h3><p>S\u00ec, se sono conformi alle prescrizioni applicabili, dispongono di documentazione adeguata, ricambi accessibili e assistenza concreta. Un fornitore internazionale deve dimostrare esperienza in Europa e capacit\u00e0 di intervenire prima, durante e dopo la messa in servizio.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Conclusione<\/h2><p>Una livellatrice laser per calcestruzzo \u00e8 un investimento operativo che pu\u00f2 aumentare precisione, velocit\u00e0 e ripetibilit\u00e0 nella costruzione di pavimenti industriali. In Italia, la macchina ideale deve adattarsi al progetto reale, alla logistica del getto e alla capacit\u00e0 dell\u2019impresa di gestire qualit\u00e0 e manutenzione. Con una selezione tecnica accurata, una squadra formata e un fornitore presente nel percorso di cantiere, la tecnologia laser pu\u00f2 contribuire a pavimenti pi\u00f9 regolari, durevoli e adatti alle esigenze della moderna industria e logistica.<\/p><p>Per valutare una configurazione in base a dimensioni del getto, livello di finitura e condizioni di lavoro, visita il sito <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse Machinery<\/a> e richiedi un confronto tecnico dedicato al tuo progetto in Italia.<\/p><\/section><\/article>","ru-title":"\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438: \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435","ru-meta":"\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a: \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b, \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.","ru-content":"<h1>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h1><section><h2>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442<\/h2><p>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438, \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.<\/p><p>\u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u0418\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/h2><p>\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a, \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><p>\u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0435; \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435. \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0430\u043c.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445, \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0423\u0437\u0435\u043b \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/th><th>\u041d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0435<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a<\/td><td>\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u044b \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443<\/td><td>\u0414\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0428\u043d\u0435\u043a<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/td><td>\u0423\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b<\/td><td>\u0423\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0412\u044b\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430<\/td><td>\u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d. \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0420\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h2><p>\u0412 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b. \u041e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0411\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435, \u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0427\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435, \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0412 \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430, \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/h2><p>\u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b<\/th><th>\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b<\/th><th>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/td><td>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043f\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442<\/td><td>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/td><td>\u041a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b<\/td><td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439<\/td><td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/td><td>\u0423\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438, \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c<\/td><td>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u041e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u0410\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/h2><p>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u2014 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0411\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d, \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0436 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/th><th>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u044f\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b<\/td><td>\u041e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435<\/td><td>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/td><td>\u0421\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u0411\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0435<\/td><td>\u041a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/td><td>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430<\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442<\/td><td>\u0413\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0435. \u0414\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/h2><p>\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b. \u0420\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d, \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b. \u041d\u0430 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p><p>\u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u041b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u044b, \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044c<\/th><th>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442<\/th><th>\u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/th><th>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0439<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u0426\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430\u043c<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434<\/td><td>\u0423\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043a \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043c, \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u0422\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0410\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/td><td>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0440\u043e\u043d, \u0440\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u044b<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e<\/td><td>\u0417\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434<\/td><td>\u0418\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0443 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/h2><p>\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0439, \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d. \u0414\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d.<\/p><p>\u041d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043b\u0435 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u044b.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a<\/h2><p>\u0421\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0443. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/p><p>\u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442, \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044b, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438<\/th><th>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/th><th>\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b?<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a?<\/td><td>\u0417\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044b?<\/td><td>\u0418\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f?<\/td><td>\u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435?<\/td><td>\u0421\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/td><td>\u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d?<\/td><td>\u0421\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0413\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0437\u043b\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f?<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u041d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438<\/h2><p>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u0420\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/th><th>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430, \u0410\u0437\u0438\u044f, \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u041b\u0438\u0433\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d<\/td><td>\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0410\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432<\/td><td>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u043c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0439<\/td><td>\u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0415\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0421\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442<\/td><td>\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0421\u0430\u043d\u0438<\/td><td>\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u041a\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0411\u043b\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0410\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b<\/td><td>\u0422\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/td><td>\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0413\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043a\u043e<\/td><td>\u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0438<\/td><td>\u0411\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/td><td>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">\u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438<\/a> \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432<\/a> \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430<\/a>.<\/p><p>\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438; \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0421\u041e 9001 \u0438 \u0421\u0415, \u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 50 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 200 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 80 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u044c\u044e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0430, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. \u0412\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044d \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u042e\u0433\u043e-\u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438<\/a> \u0438 \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435<\/h2><p>\u0423\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u0443\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439.<\/p><p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u043b\u043e, \u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b.<\/p><p>\u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0435; \u0447\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0435\u043c. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e.<\/p><p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0435\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430. \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432, \u0443\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/h2><p>\u0412 2026 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f, \u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c.<\/p><p>\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p><p>\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0438\u0431\u0440\u044b, \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043a. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p><p>\u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442: \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u044e. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0446\u043e\u043c, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b<\/h2><h3>\u0427\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438?<\/h3><p>\u0412\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b. \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0448\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044f\u0445.<\/p><h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u0430. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438. \u0412\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u043b\u0449\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442.<\/p><h3>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442?<\/h3><p>\u0414\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0443. \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0443\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438.<\/p><h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c?<\/h3><p>\u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0438, \u0448\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430.<\/p><h3>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435: \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441?<\/h3><p>\u041e\u0431\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0448\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435.<\/p><h3>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438?<\/h3><p>\u0421\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0443\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c. \u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438.<\/p><h3>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439?<\/h3><p>\u0423 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0435.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0412\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434<\/h2><p>\u041b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u043d \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441.<\/p><p>\u041e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044e \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p><\/section>","tr-title":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Lazer \u015eap Makinesi Se\u00e7im ve Uygulama Rehberi","tr-meta":"Lazer \u015fap makinesi nedir? T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ilkesi, t\u00fcrleri, uygulamalar\u0131, maliyet ve tedarik\u00e7i se\u00e7imiyle beton zemin yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in pratik bir rehber.","tr-content":"<h1>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Lazer \u015eap Makinesi Se\u00e7im ve Uygulama Rehberi<\/h1><section><h2>H\u0131zl\u0131 Yan\u0131t<\/h2><p>Lazer \u015fap makinesi, taze betonun belirlenen kotta otomatik olarak serilmesini, yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve mastarlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan lazer kontroll\u00fc bir beton zemin ekipman\u0131d\u0131r. Lazer vericiden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 referansa g\u00f6re kesici b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini hidrolik olarak ayarlar; b\u00f6ylece geni\u015f alanlarda daha d\u00fcz, daha tutarl\u0131 ve daha az i\u015f\u00e7ilik gerektiren beton d\u00f6\u015femeleri olu\u015fturur.<\/p><p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de lazer \u015fap makineleri \u00f6zellikle lojistik depolar\u0131, fabrika zeminleri, liman sahalar\u0131, havaalan\u0131 apronlar\u0131, organize sanayi b\u00f6lgeleri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ticari projelerde tercih edilir. Yat\u0131r\u0131m karar\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca makine fiyat\u0131na de\u011fil; servis eri\u015fimine, yedek par\u00e7a stokuna, operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimine, beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm plan\u0131na ve istenen d\u00fczluk tolerans\u0131na bak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u0130stanbul, Kocaeli, Bursa, \u0130zmir, Ankara, Gaziantep, Konya, Adana ve Mersin gibi yo\u011fun sanayi ve lojistik merkezlerinde yerel sat\u0131c\u0131lar ile kiralama firmalar\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 eri\u015fim sa\u011flayabilir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, uygun maliyet-performans sunan; gerekli uygunluk belgelerine sahip, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sat\u0131\u015f \u00f6ncesi ke\u015fif ve sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 teknik destek veren nitelikli uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcreticiler de de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>T\u00fcrkiye Beton Zemin Pazar\u0131nda Lazer Kontroll\u00fc Uygulamalar<\/h2><p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de end\u00fcstriyel zemin yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131; e-ticaret depolar\u0131, so\u011fuk hava tesisleri, otomotiv yan sanayi yap\u0131lar\u0131, \u00fcretim tesisleri ve liman lojisti\u011fi alanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. Gebze, Dilovas\u0131, \u00c7erkezk\u00f6y, \u00c7orlu, Bursa, Manisa, Alia\u011fa, Torbal\u0131, Konya, Kayseri, Gaziantep ve \u0130skenderun gibi \u00fcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m k\u00fcmelerinde zemin kalitesi do\u011frudan i\u015fletme verimlili\u011fini etkiler. Forklift titre\u015fimi, raf sistemlerinin d\u00fczg\u00fcn kurulumu, otomatik depo ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hareketi ve bak\u0131m maliyetleri, zeminin kot hassasiyetine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><p>Geleneksel el mastar\u0131 veya titre\u015fimli mastar ile yap\u0131lan d\u00f6\u015femelerde sonu\u00e7, ekip tecr\u00fcbesine ve saha \u015fartlar\u0131na daha fazla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Lazer kontroll\u00fc sistemler ise betonun hedef kotunu s\u00fcrekli izledi\u011fi i\u00e7in geni\u015f d\u00f6k\u00fcmlerde de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi azalt\u0131r. Bu durum, \u00f6zellikle tek d\u00f6k\u00fcm alan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ve d\u00f6\u015feme tolerans\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r.<\/p><p>Ancak lazer \u015fap makinesi her projede otomatik olarak en do\u011fru yat\u0131r\u0131m de\u011fildir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alanlar, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kolon \u00e7evresi, karma\u015f\u0131k kot ge\u00e7i\u015fleri, eri\u015fimi zor tadilat alanlar\u0131 veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck metrajl\u0131 i\u015fler i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc ekipman, beton pompas\u0131 sonras\u0131 elle d\u00fczeltme ya da kiralama modeli daha ekonomik olabilir. Do\u011fru se\u00e7im; alan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcnl\u00fck beton hacmi, proje program\u0131, eri\u015fim ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve kalite hedefi birlikte de\u011ferlendirilerek yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Lazer \u015eap Makinesi Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/h2><p>Sistemin temelinde d\u00f6ner lazer verici, makine \u00fczerindeki al\u0131c\u0131 sens\u00f6r, kontrol \u00fcnitesi, hidrolik akt\u00fcat\u00f6rler ve beton i\u015fleme ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunur. Lazer verici \u015fantiyede sabit bir referans d\u00fczlemi olu\u015fturur. Makine hareket ederken al\u0131c\u0131 sens\u00f6r bu d\u00fczlemi okur. Kontrol \u00fcnitesi, hedef kot ile mevcut ba\u015fl\u0131k y\u00fcksekli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 hesaplar ve b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 hareket ettirir.<\/p><p>Beton genellikle pompa, mikser veya beton ta\u015f\u0131ma ekipman\u0131 ile d\u00f6k\u00fcm alan\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Makinenin helezonu veya yayma eleman\u0131 betonu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r; titre\u015fimli mastar ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 betonu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve y\u00fczeyi hedef kotta keser. Sonraki a\u015famada perdah makineleri, k\u00fcr uygulamas\u0131, derz kesimi ve gerekiyorsa y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirici uygulamas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Lazer \u015fap makinesi kaliteli bir beton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, do\u011fru kal\u0131p d\u00fczeninin veya iyi k\u00fcr uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7mez; bunlar\u0131n daha tutarl\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermesine yard\u0131m eder.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Bile\u015fen<\/th><th>G\u00f6revi<\/th><th>Sat\u0131n Alma Kontrol\u00fc<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>D\u00f6ner lazer verici<\/td><td>\u015eantiye i\u00e7in yatay veya e\u011fimli kot referans\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/td><td>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma menzili, kalibrasyon durumu ve saha korumas\u0131 incelenmelidir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lazer al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131<\/td><td>Referans \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lar ve kot fark\u0131n\u0131 kontrol \u00fcnitesine iletir.<\/td><td>Toz, g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve titre\u015fim alt\u0131ndaki okuma kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kontrol \u00fcnitesi<\/td><td>Sens\u00f6r verisine g\u00f6re b\u0131\u00e7ak y\u00fcksekli\u011fini otomatik ayarlar.<\/td><td>Ar\u0131za te\u015fhisi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim imk\u00e2n\u0131 ve yedek par\u00e7a eri\u015fimi do\u011frulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hidrolik sistem<\/td><td>Ba\u015fl\u0131k, direksiyon ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f hareketlerini sa\u011flar.<\/td><td>Hortum kalitesi, filtreleme, bak\u0131m aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve servis tecr\u00fcbesi \u00f6nemlidir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Serme ve titre\u015fim ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td><td>Betonu yayar, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve hedef kotta mastarlar.<\/td><td>Ba\u015fl\u0131k geni\u015fli\u011fi, a\u015f\u0131nma par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve beton t\u00fcrleriyle uyumu de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Motor ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f sistemi<\/td><td>Makinenin g\u00fc\u00e7, hareket ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flar.<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bak\u0131m a\u011f\u0131 bulunan motor markas\u0131 ve yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Bu bile\u015fenlerin uyumlu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca kot do\u011frulu\u011funu de\u011fil; g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm kapasitesini, operat\u00f6r yorgunlu\u011funu ve planlanan derz d\u00fczenini de etkiler. \u015eantiyede lazer vericinin sa\u011flam bir noktaya kurulmas\u0131, makinenin g\u00fcnl\u00fck kontrol\u00fc ve beton k\u0131vam\u0131n\u0131n kararl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm kadar kritik uygulama ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Makine T\u00fcrleri ve Uygun Projeler<\/h2><p>Lazer kontroll\u00fc beton mastarlama ekipmanlar\u0131 genel olarak y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc, binicili ve bomlu olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ana grupta de\u011ferlendirilir. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda kompakt alanlara y\u00f6nelik dar g\u00f6vdeli modeller, e\u011fimli y\u00fczey i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu profil kontrol\u00fc bulunan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ve \u00f6zel d\u00f6\u015feme geometrileri i\u00e7in uyarlanm\u0131\u015f makineler de vard\u0131r.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Makine t\u00fcr\u00fc<\/th><th>Uygun alan<\/th><th>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca avantaj<\/th><th>Dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc lazer \u015fap makinesi<\/td><td>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli depolar, otoparklar, dar alanlar<\/td><td>Daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m ve kolay ta\u015f\u0131ma<\/td><td>Operat\u00f6r hareketi ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck kapasite s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalabilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Binicili lazer \u015fap makinesi<\/td><td>Fabrikalar, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m merkezleri, geni\u015f kapal\u0131 alanlar<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek \u00fcretkenlik ve operat\u00f6r konforu<\/td><td>Giri\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma plan\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f alan\u0131 kontrol edilmelidir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bomlu lazer \u015fap makinesi<\/td><td>B\u00fcy\u00fck end\u00fcstriyel d\u00f6\u015femeler, apronlar, geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131lar<\/td><td>Geni\u015f eri\u015fim, h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm ve daha az yeniden konumland\u0131rma<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek sermaye ihtiyac\u0131 ve yetkin operat\u00f6r gerektirir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kompakt model<\/td><td>Kolonlu alanlar, bodrumlar, yenileme projeleri<\/td><td>Dar ge\u00e7i\u015flerde ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 alanda manevra<\/td><td>Geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda b\u00fcy\u00fck modellere g\u00f6re yava\u015f kalabilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u00dc\u00e7 boyutlu profil kontroll\u00fc model<\/td><td>Rampa, e\u011fimli saha, drenaj gerektiren alanlar<\/td><td>De\u011fi\u015fken kot ve tasar\u0131m e\u011fimlerini takip edebilme<\/td><td>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimi daha kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0130kinci el veya kiral\u0131k model<\/td><td>Tek seferlik ya da d\u00f6nemsel projeler<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 maliyeti<\/td><td>\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma saati, bak\u0131m ge\u00e7mi\u015fi, sens\u00f6r durumu ve par\u00e7a temini incelenmelidir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tablodaki s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, ilk eleme i\u00e7in kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131d\u0131r. Nihai se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesinde beton d\u00f6k\u00fcm plan\u0131 \u00fczerinde makine rotas\u0131 \u00e7izilmelidir. Kolon aral\u0131klar\u0131, kap\u0131 y\u00fckseklikleri, pompa hortumu yerle\u015fimi, donat\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fu, kal\u0131p kenarlar\u0131 ve derz \u00e7izgileri hesaba kat\u0131lmadan verilen kapasite rakamlar\u0131 yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olabilir.<\/p><p>Makine \u00f6zelliklerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">lazer kontroll\u00fc beton mastarlama \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerini<\/a> incelemek, farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k d\u00fczenleri ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 gereksinimlerini birlikte de\u011ferlendirmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcmler i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">binicili lazer \u015fap makineleri<\/a>, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc planlamas\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilir.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131<\/h2><p>Lazer \u015fap makinesinin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu alanlar, geni\u015f metrajl\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek toleransl\u0131 beton d\u00f6\u015femelerdir. Bir lojistik deposunda forklift ge\u00e7i\u015fleri ile raf ayaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, y\u00fczeydeki seviye farklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 hassast\u0131r. G\u0131da tesislerinde temizlenebilir ve d\u00fczg\u00fcn zemin, hijyen prosed\u00fcrlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Otomotiv, elektronik, makine imalat\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131r sanayi tesislerinde ise zemin dayan\u0131m\u0131 ile d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fcretim hatt\u0131 montaj kalitesini etkiler.<\/p><p>Mersin Liman\u0131, \u0130zmir Alia\u011fa b\u00f6lgesi, Kocaeli liman \u00e7evresi, \u0130stanbul Havaliman\u0131 lojistik hatt\u0131 ve Gaziantep Organize Sanayi B\u00f6lgesi gibi yo\u011fun ticaret alanlar\u0131nda yeni depo ve terminal yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 beton zemin teknolojilerine talep yarat\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k saha uygulamalar\u0131nda r\u00fczg\u00e2r, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, g\u00fcne\u015f etkisi ve h\u0131zl\u0131 nem kayb\u0131; makine performans\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak betonun i\u015flenebilirli\u011fini etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle d\u00f6k\u00fcm, k\u00fcr ve derz program\u0131 iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Sekt\u00f6r<\/th><th>Tipik uygulama<\/th><th>Beklenen zemin \u00f6zelli\u011fi<\/th><th>Makine tercih nedeni<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lojistik ve depolama<\/td><td>Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m merkezi, y\u00fcksek rafl\u0131 depo<\/td><td>D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck titre\u015fim, tutarl\u0131 kot, forklift uyumu<\/td><td>Geni\u015f alanlarda homojen mastarlama sa\u011flar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sanayi \u00fcretimi<\/td><td>Fabrika, montaj hatt\u0131, at\u00f6lye<\/td><td>Makine temeli \u00e7evresinde kararl\u0131 y\u00fczey<\/td><td>Program\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r ve d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc destekler.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Havaliman\u0131 ve terminal<\/td><td>Apron, hangar, terminal sahas\u0131<\/td><td>Y\u00fcksek ta\u015f\u0131ma ve hassas e\u011fim y\u00f6netimi<\/td><td>B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm alanlar\u0131nda verimlilik sunar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ticari yap\u0131<\/td><td>Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezi, kapal\u0131 otopark<\/td><td>D\u00fcz kaplama altl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve drenaj e\u011fimi<\/td><td>Kaplama \u00f6ncesi zemin haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Liman ve a\u00e7\u0131k saha<\/td><td>Konteyner alan\u0131, y\u00fckleme sahas\u0131<\/td><td>Dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k, e\u011fim ve su tahliyesi<\/td><td>Geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klarda kontroll\u00fc kot sa\u011flar.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Altyap\u0131<\/td><td>K\u00f6pr\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, yol betonu, terminal yolu<\/td><td>Tasar\u0131ma uygun profil ve s\u00fcreklilik<\/td><td>Uygun ekipmanla e\u011fimli profiller desteklenebilir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Her sekt\u00f6rde makinenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fer farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin depolarda ana hedef d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve servis \u00f6mr\u00fc iken, a\u00e7\u0131k saha projelerinde e\u011fim, su tahliyesi ve h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm daha belirleyici olabilir. Bu nedenle sat\u0131n alma \u015fartnamesi yaln\u0131zca \u201clazer \u015fap makinesi\u201d ifadesini i\u00e7ermemeli; proje performans hedeflerini de a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Sat\u0131n Alma \u00d6ncesi Teknik Kontrol Listesi<\/h2><p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de makine sat\u0131n alan y\u00fckleniciler i\u00e7in en do\u011fru yakla\u015f\u0131m, ekipman\u0131 proje verileri \u00fczerinden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Sadece katalogdaki azami kapasiteye g\u00f6re karar vermek; pompa kapasitesi, beton tedarik s\u00fcreklili\u011fi veya \u015fantiye eri\u015fimi zay\u0131f oldu\u011funda beklenen sonucu vermeyebilir.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Kontrol ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/th><th>Sorulmas\u0131 gereken soru<\/th><th>Pratik karar etkisi<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>G\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm hacmi<\/td><td>Bir vardiyada ka\u00e7 metrek\u00fcp beton d\u00f6k\u00fclecek?<\/td><td>Ba\u015fl\u0131k geni\u015fli\u011fi ve makine s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 belirler.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D\u00f6\u015feme kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td><td>Beton kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sabit mi, de\u011fi\u015fken mi?<\/td><td>Ba\u015fl\u0131k kapasitesi ve serme d\u00fczeni buna g\u00f6re se\u00e7ilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kot tolerans\u0131<\/td><td>Proje hangi d\u00fczluk ve seviye hedefini istiyor?<\/td><td>Lazer hassasiyeti, kontrol sistemi ve denetim plan\u0131 belirlenir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u015eantiye eri\u015fimi<\/td><td>Kap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131, zemin ta\u015f\u0131ma g\u00fcc\u00fc ve nakliye nas\u0131l?<\/td><td>Makinenin boyutu, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131ma arac\u0131 etkilenir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Servis ve par\u00e7a<\/td><td>Ar\u0131za halinde teknik ekip ne kadar s\u00fcrede m\u00fcdahale eder?<\/td><td>Duru\u015f riski ve toplam sahip olma maliyeti de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Operat\u00f6r plan\u0131<\/td><td>Deneyimli operat\u00f6r var m\u0131, e\u011fitim kim taraf\u0131ndan verilecek?<\/td><td>\u0130lk projedeki kalite ve \u00fcretkenlik do\u011frudan etkilenir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Teklif isterken teslim s\u00fcresi, kurulum kapsam\u0131, devreye alma, lazer kalibrasyonu, yedek par\u00e7a paketi, garanti \u015fartlar\u0131, bak\u0131m e\u011fitimi ve uzaktan te\u015fhis deste\u011fi ayr\u0131 kalemler halinde istenmelidir. \u0130stanbul veya \u0130zmir liman\u0131ndan i\u00e7 nakliye, g\u00fcmr\u00fck s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, sigorta ve \u015fantiye teslimi de toplam maliyet hesab\u0131na d\u00e2hil edilmelidir.<\/p><p>Makinenin maliyeti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda beton pompas\u0131, operat\u00f6r, yak\u0131t, sarf malzemesi, kal\u0131p, k\u00fcr malzemesi, derz kesim ekipman\u0131 ve y\u00fczey bitirme makineleri de b\u00fct\u00e7ede yer almal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck projelerde tek bir lazer \u015fap makinesi, d\u00f6k\u00fcm zincirinin zay\u0131f halkalar\u0131n\u0131 telafi edemez. Beton santrali sevkiyat\u0131, pompa kapasitesi ve bitirme ekibi ayn\u0131 ritimde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u00e7in Tedarik\u00e7i ve Marka Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131<\/h2><p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki firmalar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de do\u011frudan sat\u0131\u015f, bayi, kiralama a\u011f\u0131, proje bazl\u0131 tedarik veya uluslararas\u0131 sevkiyat yoluyla de\u011ferlendirilebilecek bilinen \u00fcretici ve ekipman sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Sipari\u015f \u00f6ncesinde mevcut T\u00fcrkiye temsilcili\u011fi, stok, garanti kapsam\u0131 ve teknik m\u00fcdahale s\u00fcresi yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak teyit edilmelidir.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Firma<\/th><th>Hizmet b\u00f6lgesi<\/th><th>Temel g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/th><th>\u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00fcr\u00fcn veya hizmet<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse Makine Teknolojisi<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye proje bazl\u0131 sevkiyat; Avrupa, Orta Do\u011fu ve Asya bayi a\u011f\u0131<\/td><td>Lazer kontroll\u00fc beton ekipmanlar\u0131, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme ve teknik e\u011fitim<\/td><td>Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fl\u00fc, binicili ve bomlu lazer \u015fap makineleri; perdah ve zemin ekipmanlar\u0131<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero \u0130\u015fletmeleri<\/td><td>K\u00fcresel pazar; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de proje ve bayi eri\u015fimi teyit edilerek<\/td><td>End\u00fcstriyel beton d\u00fczleme teknolojisinde uzmanl\u0131k<\/td><td>Binicili ve bomlu beton d\u00fczleme sistemleri<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine Uluslararas\u0131<\/td><td>Kuzey Amerika ve ihracat pazarlar\u0131; T\u00fcrkiye sevkiyat\u0131 teyit edilerek<\/td><td>Kompakt ve binicili beton d\u00fczleme \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/td><td>Lazer kontroll\u00fc beton serme ve mastarlama makineleri<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen M\u00fchendislik<\/td><td>K\u00fcresel da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m; T\u00fcrkiye bayilik ko\u015fullar\u0131 teyit edilerek<\/td><td>Beton yerle\u015ftirme, perdahlama ve saha ekipman\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi<\/td><td>Beton bitirme ekipmanlar\u0131 ve zemin uygulama \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Yap\u0131 \u00dcr\u00fcnleri T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye genelinde bayi ve servis a\u011f\u0131<\/td><td>Kesim, ta\u015flama, y\u00fczey haz\u0131rlama ve bak\u0131m ekipmanlar\u0131<\/td><td>Derz kesme, zemin ta\u015flama ve beton y\u00fczey haz\u0131rlama ekipmanlar\u0131<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson T\u00fcrkiye<\/td><td>T\u00fcrkiye genelinde sat\u0131\u015f ve servis kanallar\u0131<\/td><td>\u015eantiye ekipman\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve beton teknolojileri<\/td><td>Vibrasyon, s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 saha ekipmanlar\u0131<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Bu tablo, lazer \u015fap makinesi sat\u0131n alma s\u00fcrecinde sadece ana makineyi de\u011fil, tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 zemin ekipmanlar\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. \u00d6rne\u011fin lazer \u015fap makinesiyle d\u00f6k\u00fclen bir zeminde derz kesimi, y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirme, perdahlama, ta\u015flama ve bak\u0131m ekipmanlar\u0131 ayr\u0131 uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerel servis a\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc markalar, tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 ekipmanlar\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011finde avantaj sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p><p>Birden fazla teklif al\u0131n\u0131rken her tedarik\u00e7iye ayn\u0131 teknik dosya g\u00f6nderilmelidir: d\u00f6k\u00fcm alan\u0131, kal\u0131nl\u0131k, beton s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, donat\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131, planlanan g\u00fcnl\u00fck metraj, kap\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcleri, elektrik veya yak\u0131t ko\u015fullar\u0131, hedef teslim tarihi ve istenen e\u011fitim kapsam\u0131. B\u00f6ylece fiyatlar daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Proje Odakl\u0131 Beton Zemin \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc<\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">Vanse Makine Teknolojisi<\/a>, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in Jining kentinde kurulmu\u015f, beton zemin ekipmanlar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma, \u00fcretim ve uluslararas\u0131 teknik hizmet sunan y\u00fcksek teknoloji kurulu\u015fudur. \u015eirketin lazer \u015fap makineleri; lazer kontrol sistemleri, hidrolik teknoloji, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bile\u015fenler ve g\u00fcvenilir motor se\u00e7enekleriyle geli\u015ftirilir; \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri kalite kontrol testleriyle desteklenir ve \u00fcr\u00fcnler ISO 9001 ile Avrupa uygunluk belgelerine sahiptir. Elli \u00fczeri bulu\u015f patenti ile iki y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n faydal\u0131 model ve tasar\u0131m patenti, \u015firketin zemin ekipmanlar\u0131ndaki m\u00fchendislik birikimini g\u00f6sterir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki son kullan\u0131c\u0131lar, beton y\u00fcklenicileri, kiralama \u015firketleri, bayiler, marka sahipleri ve bireysel al\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in do\u011frudan sat\u0131\u015f, toptan tedarik, perakende tedarik, b\u00f6lgesel da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m, \u00f6zg\u00fcn ekipman \u00fcretimi ve markaya \u00f6zel uyarlama modelleri sunulur; gerilim, motor ve marka uygulamalar\u0131 proje ihtiyac\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenebilir. \u015eirket, seksenden fazla \u00fclkeye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sevkiyatlar, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya ve Kanada\u2019daki deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 operasyonlar\u0131, Avrupa-Orta Do\u011fu-Asya bayi a\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n teknik uzman\u0131 sayesinde T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca uzaktan ihracat noktas\u0131 olarak ele almaz; \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i ke\u015fif, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc teknik destek, yirmi d\u00f6rt saat dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, uzaktan ar\u0131za te\u015fhisi, kurulum, devreye alma, operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimi, yedek par\u00e7a deste\u011fi ve gerekti\u011finde sahada teknik yard\u0131m ile uzun vadeli al\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flar. Vanse, m\u00fchendislik-tedarik-in\u015faat kapsaml\u0131, anahtar teslim ve m\u00fc\u015fteriye ait tesis \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinde destek verir; i\u015fletme-sahiplik temelli veya sahada d\u00f6kme malzeme tedariki modeli sunmaz.<\/p><p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yat\u0131r\u0131m planlayan firmalar i\u00e7in bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemli taraf\u0131, makinenin \u015fantiye \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131labilmesidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Marmara B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki y\u00fcksek hacimli depo projelerinde binicili veya bomlu model, \u0130\u00e7 Anadolu\u2019daki orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli fabrika yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda daha kompakt bir model, Ege\u2019de e\u011fimli a\u00e7\u0131k saha uygulamalar\u0131nda ise profil kontrol\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Teknik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n belirlenmesi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">teknik servis ve proje dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> \u00fczerinden proje verilerinin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f kapasitede makine alma riskini azalt\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u015eirketin \u00fcr\u00fcn kapsam\u0131 lazer \u015fap makinesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Beton perdah makinesi, zemin ta\u015flama makinesi, beton kesme makinesi, y\u00fczey sertle\u015ftirici da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, kayar kal\u0131p ekipman\u0131, beton derz sistemleri, \u00e7elik lif ve sentetik lif \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri; zemin uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n planlanmas\u0131na destek verir. Kurumsal \u00fcretim ve hizmet yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">\u015firket profili<\/a> incelenebilir.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Uygulama Senaryolar\u0131 ve Sahadan \u00d6\u011frenilenler<\/h2><p>Birinci senaryo, Gebze veya Dilovas\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki 20.000 metrekarelik bir lojistik depo d\u00f6\u015femesidir. B\u00f6yle bir projede ana ama\u00e7; forklift koridorlar\u0131nda d\u00fczg\u00fcn hareket, raf sistemleri alt\u0131nda kot tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve h\u0131zl\u0131 teslimdir. Binicili ya da bomlu lazer \u015fap makinesi, beton pompas\u0131 ve yeterli perdah ekibiyle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00f6k\u00fcm ritmini h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir. Ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in beton sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131n kesintisiz olmas\u0131, derz plan\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fcm \u00f6ncesinde belirlenmesi ve k\u00fcr i\u015fleminin geciktirilmemesi gerekir.<\/p><p>\u0130kinci senaryo, Bursa veya Manisa\u2019daki otomotiv yan sanayi tesisidir. Kolon yo\u011funlu\u011fu bulunan \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131nda makine rotas\u0131 daha karma\u015f\u0131k olabilir. Bu durumda kompakt bir lazer \u015fap makinesi ile kenar ve kolon \u00e7evrelerinde deneyimli bir tamamlama ekibinin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olur. Sadece b\u00fcy\u00fck makine kapasitesine odaklanmak yerine, manevra kabiliyeti ve bitirme detaylar\u0131 \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r.<\/p><p>\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc senaryo, Konya veya Gaziantep\u2019teki yeni \u00fcretim tesisi yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. Proje sahibi makine sat\u0131n almak yerine kiralama veya proje bazl\u0131 hizmet almay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. E\u011fer \u015firketin y\u0131l i\u00e7inde d\u00fczenli beton d\u00f6\u015feme i\u015fi yoksa, kiralama maliyeti daha mant\u0131kl\u0131 olabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k birden fazla fabrika yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapan m\u00fcteahhit veya end\u00fcstriyel zemin firmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi makinesine sahip olmak; program kontrol\u00fc, ekip uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131 ve uzun vadeli maliyet y\u00f6netimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan avantaj olu\u015fturabilir.<\/p><p>D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc senaryo, \u0130zmir Alia\u011fa, Mersin veya \u0130skenderun \u00e7evresindeki a\u00e7\u0131k saha ve terminal uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sahalarda e\u011fim, drenaj ve y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi kritik hale gelir. Betonun priz alma h\u0131z\u0131, r\u00fczg\u00e2r ve g\u00fcne\u015f etkisi nedeniyle de\u011fi\u015febilir. Makine se\u00e7imi yap\u0131l\u0131rken lazer kontrol\u00fcne ek olarak \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu profil kabiliyeti, ekipman\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k saha dayan\u0131m\u0131 ve gece d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in ayd\u0131nlatma plan\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>2026 ve Sonras\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in E\u011filimler<\/h2><p>2026 itibar\u0131yla beton zemin sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde daha s\u0131k\u0131 kalite takibi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbonlu malzeme kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve dijital \u015fantiye y\u00f6netimi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ye\u015fil bina hedefleri, enerji verimli lojistik tesisleri ve ihracata d\u00f6n\u00fck sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131; daha dayan\u0131kl\u0131 ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc zemin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerine y\u00f6nelimi art\u0131racakt\u0131r. Daha uzun hizmet \u00f6mr\u00fc sa\u011flayan do\u011fru d\u00f6\u015feme, onar\u0131m s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak kaynak t\u00fcketimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir.<\/p><p>Lazer kontroll\u00fc makinelerde uzaktan ar\u0131za te\u015fhisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma verisi kayd\u0131, daha hassas e\u011fim kontrol\u00fc ve operat\u00f6r destek sistemlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 beklenir. \u00dc\u00e7 boyutlu proje verileriyle uyumlu kontrol sistemleri, rampa, drenaj alan\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k saha geometrilerinde daha do\u011fru uygulama sa\u011flayabilir. Ayr\u0131ca hidrolik sistem verimlili\u011fi, yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin izlenmesi ve bak\u0131m uyar\u0131lar\u0131, toplam i\u015fletme maliyetinin y\u00f6netiminde daha \u00f6nemli hale gelecektir.<\/p><p>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca makinenin yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi de\u011fil, d\u00f6\u015femenin ilk seferde do\u011fru yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. Hatal\u0131 kot nedeniyle olu\u015fan ilave \u015fap, ta\u015flama, s\u00f6k\u00fcm ve yeniden d\u00f6k\u00fcm i\u015flemleri hem maliyeti hem de karbon etkisini art\u0131r\u0131r. Bu nedenle lazer \u015fap makinesi yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, uygun projede kalite g\u00fcvencesi ve malzeme israf\u0131n\u0131 azaltma arac\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular<\/h2><h3>Lazer \u015fap makinesi nedir?<\/h3><p>Lazer \u015fap makinesi, lazer referans\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131layarak beton serme ve mastarlama ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini otomatik ayarlayan ekipmand\u0131r. Geni\u015f beton d\u00f6\u015femelerde daha tutarl\u0131 kot ve y\u00fczey d\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc elde etmeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p><h3>Lazer \u015fap makinesi hangi projelerde daha avantajl\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h3><p>Fabrikalar, lojistik depolar\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m merkezleri, hangarlar, kapal\u0131 otoparklar, terminal sahalar\u0131 ve geni\u015f end\u00fcstriyel beton d\u00f6\u015femelerinde belirgin avantaj sa\u011flar. Tekrarlayan ve y\u00fcksek metrajl\u0131 projelerde yat\u0131r\u0131m geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olabilir.<\/p><h3>Makine d\u00fcz bir zemin sonucunu tek ba\u015f\u0131na garanti eder mi?<\/h3><p>Hay\u0131r. Beton kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131, donat\u0131 d\u00fczeni, kal\u0131p, pompa beslemesi, operat\u00f6r becerisi, perdah i\u015flemi, derz kesimi ve k\u00fcr uygulamas\u0131 zemin kalitesini birlikte belirler. Makine, bu s\u00fcrecin kot kontrol\u00fc ve \u00fcretkenlik taraf\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/p><h3>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de makine sat\u0131n almak m\u0131, kiralamak m\u0131 daha uygundur?<\/h3><p>Y\u0131lda birka\u00e7 kez beton d\u00f6\u015feme yapan firmalar i\u00e7in kiralama veya proje bazl\u0131 tedarik uygun olabilir. D\u00fczenli end\u00fcstriyel zemin i\u015fi yapan y\u00fckleniciler i\u00e7in sat\u0131n alma; ekip uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, program kontrol\u00fc ve uzun vadeli maliyet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha avantajl\u0131 hale gelebilir.<\/p><h3>Binicili model ile bomlu model aras\u0131ndaki temel fark nedir?<\/h3><p>Binicili modelde operat\u00f6r makine \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve makine kendi hareketiyle d\u00f6\u015femeyi i\u015fler. Bomlu model ise daha geni\u015f eri\u015fim sa\u011flayarak b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm alanlar\u0131nda daha az konum de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma imk\u00e2n\u0131 sunar. En uygun se\u00e7enek alan geometrisine ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm hacmine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><h3>Sat\u0131n alma teklifinde hangi sat\u0131\u015f sonras\u0131 hizmetler yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r?<\/h3><p>Kurulum, devreye alma, operat\u00f6r e\u011fitimi, garanti s\u00fcresi, yedek par\u00e7a paketi, periyodik bak\u0131m, uzaktan destek, ar\u0131za m\u00fcdahale s\u00fcresi ve gerekirse saha teknik deste\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131 teklif i\u00e7inde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmelidir.<\/p><h3>Lazer \u015fap makinesi e\u011fimli y\u00fczeylerde kullan\u0131labilir mi?<\/h3><p>Uygun kontrol sistemi ve do\u011fru \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla e\u011fimli y\u00fczeylerde kullan\u0131labilir. Rampa, drenaj alan\u0131 veya de\u011fi\u015fken kotlu saha gibi uygulamalarda \u00fc\u00e7 boyutlu profil kabiliyeti bulunan modeller daha uygun olabilir.<\/p><h3>Makine se\u00e7imi i\u00e7in hangi bilgileri tedarik\u00e7iye vermeliyim?<\/h3><p>Toplam alan, g\u00fcnl\u00fck d\u00f6k\u00fcm metraj\u0131, beton kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, beton s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, hedef kot tolerans\u0131, kolon yerle\u015fimi, kap\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131, pompa plan\u0131, saha konumu, teslim tarihi ve mevcut operat\u00f6r say\u0131s\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><\/section>","pl-title":"Laserowa listwa w Polsce: zastosowania i wyb\u00f3r sprz\u0119tu","pl-meta":"Sprawd\u017a, co to jest laserowa listwa wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105ca, gdzie stosuje si\u0119 j\u0105 w Polsce oraz jak dobra\u0107 maszyn\u0119 do posadzek przemys\u0142owych i du\u017cych p\u0142yt betonowych.","pl-content":"<h1>Co to jest laserowa listwa wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105ca i jak wybra\u0107 j\u0105 w Polsce?<\/h1><section><h2>Szybka odpowied\u017a<\/h2><p>Laserowa listwa wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105ca to maszyna do automatycznego rozprowadzania, zag\u0119szczania i poziomowania \u015bwie\u017cego betonu wed\u0142ug wysoko\u015bci wyznaczonej przez nadajnik laserowy. Jest stosowana przede wszystkim przy du\u017cych posadzkach przemys\u0142owych, magazynach, centrach logistycznych, halach produkcyjnych, terminalach i obiektach infrastrukturalnych. W por\u00f3wnaniu z r\u0119cznym \u015bci\u0105ganiem betonu pozwala uzyska\u0107 bardziej r\u00f3wn\u0105 powierzchni\u0119, ograniczy\u0107 liczb\u0119 pracownik\u00f3w oraz szybciej wykona\u0107 p\u0142yt\u0119 betonow\u0105.<\/p><p>W Polsce najcz\u0119\u015bciej op\u0142aca si\u0119 rozwa\u017cy\u0107 maszyn\u0119 laserow\u0105 wtedy, gdy inwestycja obejmuje du\u017ce pola robocze, wymagania dotycz\u0105ce r\u00f3wno\u015bci posadzki s\u0105 wysokie albo harmonogram budowy jest napi\u0119ty. Przy wyborze nale\u017cy por\u00f3wna\u0107 szeroko\u015b\u0107 robocz\u0105, wydajno\u015b\u0107 hydrauliczn\u0105, mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 pracy przy s\u0142upach i \u015bcianach, dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 serwisu, cz\u0119\u015bci zamiennych oraz szkolenia operator\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Opr\u00f3cz krajowych dostawc\u00f3w warto analizowa\u0107 r\u00f3wnie\u017c kwalifikowanych producent\u00f3w mi\u0119dzynarodowych, w tym firmy chi\u0144skie posiadaj\u0105ce wymagane certyfikaty i sprawne wsparcie przed- oraz posprzeda\u017cowe. Mog\u0105 one zapewni\u0107 korzystny stosunek ceny do mo\u017cliwo\u015bci technicznych, szczeg\u00f3lnie dla wykonawc\u00f3w kupuj\u0105cych pierwsz\u0105 maszyn\u0119 lub rozwijaj\u0105cych flot\u0119 sprz\u0119tu.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Jak dzia\u0142a laserowa listwa do betonu?<\/h2><p>Podstaw\u0105 pracy systemu jest obrotowy nadajnik laserowy ustawiony na statywie poza obszarem betonowania. Nadajnik wyznacza sta\u0142\u0105 p\u0142aszczyzn\u0119 odniesienia. Odbiornik zamontowany na maszcie maszyny odczytuje po\u0142o\u017cenie wzgl\u0119dem tej p\u0142aszczyzny, a uk\u0142ad sterowania przekazuje sygna\u0142 do hydrauliki. Gdy g\u0142owica robocza znajduje si\u0119 za wysoko, uk\u0142ad opuszcza j\u0105; gdy znajduje si\u0119 za nisko, podnosi j\u0105 do projektowanego poziomu.<\/p><p>Operator prowadzi maszyn\u0119 po \u015bwie\u017co roz\u0142o\u017conym betonie lub steruje ni\u0105 z platformy roboczej. G\u0142owica z lemieszem rozprowadza mieszank\u0119, \u015blimak lub element zgarniaj\u0105cy przesuwa nadmiar materia\u0142u, a belka wibracyjna pomaga go zag\u0119\u015bci\u0107 i zamkn\u0105\u0107 powierzchni\u0119. Nie zast\u0119puje to ca\u0142kowicie dalszych prac wyko\u0144czeniowych, takich jak zacieranie mechaniczne, nacinanie dylatacji, piel\u0119gnacja betonu czy monta\u017c zbrojenia rozproszonego, ale znacz\u0105co poprawia przygotowanie p\u0142yty do tych etap\u00f3w.<\/p><p>Najwi\u0119ksz\u0105 zalet\u0105 jest powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 wysoko\u015bci. Przy tradycyjnych metodach poziom zale\u017cy w du\u017cym stopniu od do\u015bwiadczenia brygady, poprawno\u015bci reper\u00f3w i kontroli r\u0119cznej. W maszynie sterowanej laserem wysoko\u015b\u0107 robocza jest utrzymywana automatycznie, dlatego \u0142atwiej ograniczy\u0107 lokalne r\u00f3\u017cnice poziom\u00f3w. W praktyce dok\u0142adno\u015b\u0107 ko\u0144cowa nadal zale\u017cy od projektu, klasy betonu, przygotowania pod\u0142o\u017ca, czasu transportu mieszanki, rozmieszczenia zbrojenia, umiej\u0119tno\u015bci operatora i w\u0142a\u015bciwej piel\u0119gnacji.<\/p><p>Na obiektach o wymagaj\u0105cych normach r\u00f3wno\u015bci, takich jak magazyny wysokiego sk\u0142adowania w rejonie Poznania, \u0141odzi, Wroc\u0142awia, Gda\u0144ska czy Katowic, technologia laserowa pomaga uzyska\u0107 warunki potrzebne do bezpiecznej pracy w\u00f3zk\u00f3w wid\u0142owych, system\u00f3w automatyki magazynowej oraz rega\u0142\u00f3w wysokiego sk\u0142adowania. Nie nale\u017cy jednak zak\u0142ada\u0107, \u017ce sama maszyna gwarantuje konkretn\u0105 klas\u0119 r\u00f3wno\u015bci. Wymaganie powinno by\u0107 zapisane w projekcie, a wynik zweryfikowany pomiarami odbiorowymi.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Dlaczego rynek polski korzysta z tego rozwi\u0105zania?<\/h2><p>Polska pozostaje jednym z najwa\u017cniejszych rynk\u00f3w budownictwa magazynowego i przemys\u0142owego w Europie \u015arodkowej. Korytarze transportowe \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ce Warszaw\u0119, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Pozna\u0144, Wroc\u0142aw, Katowice, Krak\u00f3w, Szczecin i Gda\u0144sk sprzyjaj\u0105 powstawaniu obiekt\u00f3w logistycznych, park\u00f3w produkcyjnych i centr\u00f3w dystrybucyjnych. W takich inwestycjach powierzchnie p\u0142yt betonowych liczy si\u0119 cz\u0119sto w tysi\u0105cach metr\u00f3w kwadratowych, a czas realizacji bezpo\u015brednio wp\u0142ywa na termin uruchomienia zak\u0142adu lub magazynu.<\/p><p>Rosn\u0105 tak\u017ce wymagania inwestor\u00f3w dotycz\u0105ce jako\u015bci posadzki. P\u0142yta musi wsp\u00f3\u0142pracowa\u0107 z ruchem ci\u0119\u017ckich w\u00f3zk\u00f3w, rega\u0142ami, automatycznymi pojazdami transportowymi, liniami sortuj\u0105cymi i intensywnym ruchem ko\u0142owym. Ka\u017cde obni\u017cenie, garb lub nier\u00f3wnomierne zag\u0119szczenie mo\u017ce zwi\u0119ksza\u0107 zu\u017cycie k\u00f3\u0142, generowa\u0107 drgania, utrudnia\u0107 monta\u017c rega\u0142\u00f3w i podnosi\u0107 koszty napraw.<\/p><p>Maszyna laserowa nie jest rozwi\u0105zaniem wy\u0142\u0105cznie dla najwi\u0119kszych generalnych wykonawc\u00f3w. Mo\u017ce by\u0107 rentowna r\u00f3wnie\u017c dla wyspecjalizowanej firmy posadzkarskiej obs\u0142uguj\u0105cej kilka \u015brednich realizacji rocznie, dla wypo\u017cyczalni sprz\u0119tu dzia\u0142aj\u0105cej przy du\u017cych aglomeracjach oraz dla wykonawcy infrastruktury realizuj\u0105cego place, terminale lub nawierzchnie techniczne. Kluczowe jest realistyczne oszacowanie rocznej liczby metr\u00f3w kwadratowych, dost\u0119pno\u015bci operator\u00f3w i koszt\u00f3w postoju.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Najwa\u017cniejsze rodzaje maszyn laserowych<\/h2><p>Dob\u00f3r konstrukcji powinien wynika\u0107 z geometrii obiektu, rodzaju betonu i zakresu dziennych rob\u00f3t. Inna maszyna b\u0119dzie w\u0142a\u015bciwa dla hali z du\u017c\u0105 liczb\u0105 s\u0142up\u00f3w, inna dla otwartego placu prze\u0142adunkowego, a jeszcze inna dla p\u0142yty wymagaj\u0105cej zmiennych spadk\u00f3w lub sterowania przestrzennego.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Rodzaj maszyny<\/th><th>Charakterystyka pracy<\/th><th>Typowy obszar zastosowania<\/th><th>Najwa\u017cniejsza korzy\u015b\u0107<\/th><th>Ograniczenie<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Maszyna prowadzona pieszo<\/td><td>Operator prowadzi urz\u0105dzenie z poziomu pod\u0142o\u017ca<\/td><td>Mniejsze hale, doki, remonty, pola przy \u015bcianach<\/td><td>Ni\u017cszy koszt zakupu i prostszy transport<\/td><td>Mniejsza wydajno\u015b\u0107 na bardzo du\u017cych p\u0142ytach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna samojezdna z fotelem<\/td><td>Operator pracuje z platformy maszyny<\/td><td>Centra logistyczne, hale produkcyjne, magazyny<\/td><td>Wysoka dzienna wydajno\u015b\u0107 i mniejsze zm\u0119czenie operatora<\/td><td>Wymaga przestrzeni manewrowej<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna z wysi\u0119gnikiem<\/td><td>G\u0142owica robocza pracuje na ruchomym ramieniu<\/td><td>P\u0142yty wok\u00f3\u0142 s\u0142up\u00f3w, \u015bcian i przeszk\u00f3d<\/td><td>Du\u017cy zasi\u0119g roboczy bez cz\u0119stego przejazdu po betonie<\/td><td>Wy\u017csza cena oraz wi\u0119ksze wymagania szkoleniowe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maszyna do p\u0142yt o du\u017cej szeroko\u015bci<\/td><td>Posiada szerok\u0105 g\u0142owic\u0119 i wydajn\u0105 hydraulik\u0119<\/td><td>Lotniska, terminale, du\u017ce place i hale<\/td><td>Szybkie wykonanie rozleg\u0142ych, otwartych p\u00f3l<\/td><td>Mniej wygodna w ciasnych wn\u0119trzach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>System z obs\u0142ug\u0105 spadk\u00f3w<\/td><td>Umo\u017cliwia ustawienie r\u00f3\u017cnic wysoko\u015bci<\/td><td>Rampy, place z odwodnieniem, drogi techniczne<\/td><td>\u0141atwiejsze wykonywanie projektowanych nachyle\u0144<\/td><td>Wymaga dok\u0142adnego przygotowania geodezyjnego<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>System ze sterowaniem przestrzennym<\/td><td>Wykorzystuje cyfrowy model powierzchni<\/td><td>Du\u017ce obiekty in\u017cynieryjne i skomplikowane profile<\/td><td>Lepsza kontrola z\u0142o\u017conych geometrii<\/td><td>Wi\u0119kszy koszt przygotowania i obs\u0142ugi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tabela pokazuje, \u017ce nie istnieje jedna uniwersalna konfiguracja. Dla firmy wykonuj\u0105cej standardowe posadzki w halach o powierzchni kilku tysi\u0119cy metr\u00f3w kwadratowych cz\u0119sto najbardziej praktyczna jest maszyna samojezdna. Je\u017celi przewa\u017caj\u0105 prace naprawcze, mniejsze obiekty lub pola z licznymi przeszkodami, maszyna prowadzona pieszo mo\u017ce zapewni\u0107 lepszy zwrot z inwestycji. Konstrukcja z wysi\u0119gnikiem jest szczeg\u00f3lnie ceniona przy du\u017cych p\u0142ytach, poniewa\u017c operator mo\u017ce si\u0119ga\u0107 do miejsc trudnych do obs\u0142u\u017cenia bez nadmiernego wchodzenia na \u015bwie\u017cy beton.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Gdzie stosuje si\u0119 laserowe poziomowanie betonu?<\/h2><p>Technologia jest najbardziej efektywna tam, gdzie beton uk\u0142adany jest w du\u017cych, ci\u0105g\u0142ych polach, a tolerancje wysoko\u015bci maj\u0105 znaczenie u\u017cytkowe. Dotyczy to nie tylko typowych hal magazynowych. Coraz cz\u0119\u015bciej urz\u0105dzenia wykorzystuje si\u0119 tak\u017ce przy projektach przemys\u0142owych, terminalach transportowych, obiektach handlowych i elementach infrastruktury.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Bran\u017ca<\/th><th>Przyk\u0142adowe zastosowanie<\/th><th>Wymaganie wykonawcze<\/th><th>Przewaga maszyny laserowej<\/th><th>Wskaz\u00f3wka praktyczna<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Logistyka<\/td><td>Magazyny wysokiego sk\u0142adowania<\/td><td>R\u00f3wna nawierzchnia dla w\u00f3zk\u00f3w i rega\u0142\u00f3w<\/td><td>Lepsza kontrola wysoko\u015bci na du\u017cej powierzchni<\/td><td>Zaplanowa\u0107 pomiary odbiorowe przed zacieraniem ko\u0144cowym<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Przemys\u0142<\/td><td>Hale produkcyjne i monta\u017cowe<\/td><td>Trwa\u0142o\u015b\u0107 pod ruchem maszyn i pojazd\u00f3w<\/td><td>Szybsze przygotowanie pod\u0142o\u017ca pod dalsze wyko\u0144czenie<\/td><td>Dobra\u0107 mieszank\u0119 do sposobu zacierania<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Handel<\/td><td>Sklepy wielkopowierzchniowe i centra dystrybucji<\/td><td>Kr\u00f3tki harmonogram realizacji<\/td><td>Ograniczenie prac r\u0119cznych<\/td><td>Ustali\u0107 kolejno\u015b\u0107 dostaw betonu z wytw\u00f3rni\u0105<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lotnictwo<\/td><td>P\u0142yty postojowe i nawierzchnie techniczne<\/td><td>Du\u017ce pola oraz \u015bcis\u0142a geometria<\/td><td>Stabilna praca na otwartej przestrzeni<\/td><td>Chroni\u0107 system laserowy przed zak\u0142\u00f3ceniami i wiatrem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infrastruktura<\/td><td>Terminale, drogi wewn\u0119trzne, place manewrowe<\/td><td>Projektowane spadki odwadniaj\u0105ce<\/td><td>\u0141atwiejsze utrzymanie zaplanowanych wysoko\u015bci<\/td><td>Sprawdzi\u0107 odwodnienie i repery przed betonowaniem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Energetyka<\/td><td>Fundamenty i posadzki techniczne<\/td><td>Dok\u0142adne poziomy pod urz\u0105dzenia<\/td><td>Redukcja poprawek przy monta\u017cu instalacji<\/td><td>Koordynowa\u0107 prac\u0119 z ekipami instalacyjnymi<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Rolnictwo<\/td><td>Obory, sortownie, magazyny p\u0142od\u00f3w rolnych<\/td><td>Odporno\u015b\u0107 na intensywne u\u017cytkowanie<\/td><td>Wydajne wykonanie wi\u0119kszych powierzchni<\/td><td>Uwzgl\u0119dni\u0107 spadki i odporno\u015b\u0107 chemiczn\u0105 betonu<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>W Polsce szczeg\u00f3lnie du\u017ce znaczenie ma sektor logistyczny. W okolicach \u0141odzi i Strykowa krzy\u017cuj\u0105 si\u0119 kluczowe trasy drogowe, dlatego powstaj\u0105 tam centra dystrybucyjne wymagaj\u0105ce du\u017cych powierzchni posadzek. Region Poznania obs\u0142uguje rozwini\u0119ty przemys\u0142 i logistyk\u0119 zachodni\u0105, Wroc\u0142aw skupia inwestycje produkcyjne, a Tr\u00f3jmiasto korzysta z zaplecza portowego Gda\u0144ska i Gdyni. W ka\u017cdym z tych region\u00f3w wykonawca mo\u017ce spotka\u0107 projekty, w kt\u00f3rych tempo betonowania oraz jako\u015b\u0107 p\u0142yty uzasadniaj\u0105 wykorzystanie automatycznego poziomowania.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Jakie parametry por\u00f3wna\u0107 przed zakupem?<\/h2><p>Zakup nie powinien opiera\u0107 si\u0119 wy\u0142\u0105cznie na szeroko\u015bci lemiesza albo deklarowanej wydajno\u015bci godzinowej. Dane katalogowe s\u0105 przydatne, lecz rzeczywista produkcja zale\u017cy od organizacji dostaw betonu, grubo\u015bci p\u0142yty, liczby pracownik\u00f3w, kszta\u0142tu pola, temperatury, odleg\u0142o\u015bci mi\u0119dzy s\u0142upami oraz przygotowania pod\u0142o\u017ca. Najlepiej por\u00f3wna\u0107 maszyny wed\u0142ug w\u0142asnego typowego projektu.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Parametr<\/th><th>Dlaczego ma znaczenie<\/th><th>Co sprawdzi\u0107 przed zam\u00f3wieniem<\/th><th>Wp\u0142yw na koszt u\u017cytkowania<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Szeroko\u015b\u0107 g\u0142owicy<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na tempo rozprowadzania betonu<\/td><td>Zakres roboczy i mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 regulacji<\/td><td>Szersza g\u0142owica zwi\u0119ksza wydajno\u015b\u0107, lecz wymaga wi\u0119kszej przestrzeni<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Zasi\u0119g wysi\u0119gnika<\/td><td>Decyduje o pracy przy przeszkodach<\/td><td>Minimalna odleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 od s\u0142up\u00f3w i \u015bcian<\/td><td>Mo\u017ce ograniczy\u0107 koszty r\u0119cznych poprawek<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Uk\u0142ad laserowy<\/td><td>Odpowiada za kontrol\u0119 wysoko\u015bci<\/td><td>Kompatybilno\u015b\u0107, kalibracj\u0119 i ochron\u0119 odbiornika<\/td><td>Dobry serwis ogranicza przestoje<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hydraulika<\/td><td>Zapewnia p\u0142ynno\u015b\u0107 ruch\u00f3w g\u0142owicy<\/td><td>Reakcj\u0119 uk\u0142adu, szczelno\u015b\u0107 i dost\u0119p cz\u0119\u015bci<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na trwa\u0142o\u015b\u0107 oraz koszty napraw<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silnik<\/td><td>Warunkuje niezawodno\u015b\u0107 na placu budowy<\/td><td>Dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 serwisu i zgodno\u015b\u0107 z przepisami<\/td><td>Popularna jednostka u\u0142atwia obs\u0142ug\u0119<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Masa maszyny<\/td><td>Ma znaczenie dla transportu i pod\u0142o\u017ca<\/td><td>Wymiary transportowe oraz spos\u00f3b za\u0142adunku<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na dob\u00f3r przyczepy i koszt przewozu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Stanowisko operatora<\/td><td>Wp\u0142ywa na bezpiecze\u0144stwo i komfort pracy<\/td><td>Widoczno\u015b\u0107, ergonomi\u0119, \u0142atwo\u015b\u0107 sterowania<\/td><td>Ogranicza zm\u0119czenie przy d\u0142ugich zmianach<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wsparcie techniczne<\/td><td>Decyduje o szybko\u015bci reakcji przy awarii<\/td><td>Szkolenie, cz\u0119\u015bci, zdaln\u0105 diagnoz\u0119 i czas odpowiedzi<\/td><td>Najwa\u017cniejsze przy intensywnym wykorzystaniu sprz\u0119tu<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tabela podkre\u015bla, \u017ce cena zakupu to jedynie cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 kosztu ca\u0142kowitego. Tania maszyna bez cz\u0119\u015bci zamiennych i szkolenia mo\u017ce przynie\u015b\u0107 wi\u0119ksze straty ni\u017c dro\u017csze urz\u0105dzenie z jasnymi warunkami serwisowymi. W umowie warto okre\u015bli\u0107 termin dostawy, zakres uruchomienia, list\u0119 element\u00f3w eksploatacyjnych, spos\u00f3b zg\u0142aszania usterek, dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 instrukcji w j\u0119zyku polskim oraz warunki gwarancji.<\/p><p>Przed podpisaniem zam\u00f3wienia dobrze jest przes\u0142a\u0107 dostawcy rzut hali, docelow\u0105 grubo\u015b\u0107 p\u0142yty, szeroko\u015b\u0107 p\u00f3l, klas\u0119 betonu, docelow\u0105 r\u00f3wno\u015b\u0107, liczb\u0119 s\u0142up\u00f3w i lokalizacj\u0119 inwestycji. Umo\u017cliwia to dobranie nie tylko maszyny, ale r\u00f3wnie\u017c konfiguracji g\u0142owicy, osprz\u0119tu i systemu sterowania. W przypadku projekt\u00f3w o niestandardowych nachyleniach konieczne mo\u017ce by\u0107 wdro\u017cenie sterowania przestrzennego oraz dodatkowe przygotowanie danych geodezyjnych.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Najwa\u017cniejsi dostawcy i producenci dost\u0119pni dla polskich wykonawc\u00f3w<\/h2><p>Na polskim rynku sprz\u0119t mo\u017cna nabywa\u0107 poprzez lokalnych dealer\u00f3w, oddzia\u0142y producent\u00f3w, dystrybutor\u00f3w specjalistycznych albo import bezpo\u015bredni. Dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 konkretnego modelu, zakres uruchomienia i warunki gwarancji nale\u017cy zawsze potwierdzi\u0107 dla danego wojew\u00f3dztwa oraz terminu realizacji. Poni\u017csze zestawienie obejmuje rozpoznawalne firmy, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 istotne dla wykonawc\u00f3w analizuj\u0105cych technologi\u0119 posadzek betonowych.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Firma<\/th><th>Region obs\u0142ugi<\/th><th>G\u0142\u00f3wne atuty<\/th><th>Kluczowa oferta<\/th><th>Praktyczne zastosowanie<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse<\/td><td>Polska poprzez sie\u0107 europejsk\u0105 i dostawy mi\u0119dzynarodowe<\/td><td>Maszyny prowadzone, samojezdne i z wysi\u0119gnikiem; mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 konfiguracji<\/td><td>Laserowe maszyny do poziomowania betonu, zacieraczki, szlifierki i przecinarki<\/td><td>Firmy posadzkarskie, dystrybutorzy oraz realizacje przemys\u0142owe<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Somero<\/td><td>Europa, w tym projekty obs\u0142ugiwane przez sie\u0107 dystrybucyjn\u0105<\/td><td>Wyspecjalizowanie w technologii automatycznego poziomowania<\/td><td>Maszyny do du\u017cych posadzek betonowych<\/td><td>Wymagaj\u0105ce hale, magazyny i obiekty logistyczne<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson<\/td><td>Polska, oddzia\u0142y i dealerzy w wielu miastach<\/td><td>Rozbudowana oferta sprz\u0119tu budowlanego oraz serwis lokalny<\/td><td>Urz\u0105dzenia do zag\u0119szczania i obr\u00f3bki betonu<\/td><td>Wykonawcy potrzebuj\u0105cy kompletnego wyposa\u017cenia placu budowy<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction<\/td><td>Polska poprzez autoryzowan\u0105 sie\u0107 sprzeda\u017cy<\/td><td>Silna oferta ci\u0119cia, szlifowania i przygotowania posadzek<\/td><td>Przecinarki, szlifierki, odkurzacze i narz\u0119dzia diamentowe<\/td><td>Obr\u00f3bka i naprawa betonu po wykonaniu p\u0142yty<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allen Engineering<\/td><td>Europa przez importer\u00f3w i dystrybutor\u00f3w<\/td><td>Do\u015bwiadczenie w sprz\u0119cie do wykonywania posadzek<\/td><td>Zacieraczki mechaniczne i wyposa\u017cenie do betonu<\/td><td>Ekipy realizuj\u0105ce pe\u0142ny proces wykonania posadzki<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ligchine<\/td><td>Rynek europejski przez partner\u00f3w handlowych<\/td><td>Specjalizacja w maszynach do poziomowania p\u0142yt<\/td><td>Samojezdne urz\u0105dzenia do r\u00f3wnania \u015bwie\u017cego betonu<\/td><td>Du\u017ce powierzchnie przemys\u0142owe i komercyjne<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister<\/td><td>Polska i Europa poprzez organizacj\u0119 handlowo-serwisow\u0105<\/td><td>Znajomo\u015b\u0107 technologii transportu i podawania betonu<\/td><td>Pompy do betonu oraz sprz\u0119t pomocniczy<\/td><td>Koordynacja dostawy mieszanki z procesem uk\u0142adania<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Nie ka\u017cda wymieniona firma oferuje identyczny typ maszyny laserowej. Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 producent\u00f3w dostarcza bezpo\u015brednio urz\u0105dzenia poziomuj\u0105ce, a cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 zapewnia sprz\u0119t uzupe\u0142niaj\u0105cy niezb\u0119dny podczas realizacji posadzki, taki jak pompy, zacieraczki, przecinarki lub urz\u0105dzenia do przygotowania pod\u0142o\u017ca. Dla inwestora oznacza to konieczno\u015b\u0107 por\u00f3wnania nie tylko samej maszyny, ale ca\u0142ego procesu technologicznego.<\/p><p>Wykonawca z wojew\u00f3dztwa mazowieckiego mo\u017ce oczekiwa\u0107 szybszego dost\u0119pu do serwisu z rejonu Warszawy, podobnie jak firma z Wielkopolski b\u0119dzie zwraca\u0142a uwag\u0119 na zaplecze w okolicach Poznania. W przypadku importu bezpo\u015bredniego warto uzgodni\u0107 transport do portu w Gda\u0144sku lub Gdyni, odpraw\u0119, dostaw\u0119 na plac budowy, uruchomienie oraz zapas podstawowych cz\u0119\u015bci. Nie nale\u017cy opiera\u0107 decyzji wy\u0142\u0105cznie na deklaracji sprzedawcy, lecz poprosi\u0107 o dokumentacj\u0119, warunki gwarancji i plan reakcji serwisowej.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse jako partner dla wykonawc\u00f3w posadzek w Polsce<\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">Vanse<\/a> dzia\u0142a w bran\u017cy sprz\u0119tu do betonu od 2013 roku i produkuje maszyny prowadzone, samojezdne oraz wysi\u0119gnikowe do laserowego poziomowania, a tak\u017ce zacieraczki, szlifierki, przecinarki, rozsiewacze posypek i materia\u0142y do posadzek przemys\u0142owych. Producent posiada certyfikaty zgodno\u015bci jako\u015bciowej i europejskiej, ponad 50 patent\u00f3w wynalazczych oraz ponad 200 patent\u00f3w u\u017cytkowych i wzorniczych, a konstrukcje s\u0105 rozwijane z wykorzystaniem system\u00f3w laserowych, hydrauliki, trwa\u0142ych komponent\u00f3w, sprawdzonych silnik\u00f3w i kontroli produkcyjnej. Dla klient\u00f3w w Polsce dost\u0119pne s\u0105 elastyczne modele wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy obejmuj\u0105ce sprzeda\u017c pojedynczych maszyn, hurt, partnerstwo dealerskie, dystrybucj\u0119 regionaln\u0105, produkcj\u0119 pod w\u0142asn\u0105 mark\u0105 oraz dostosowanie wyposa\u017cenia, napi\u0119cia i silnika do projektu. Firma nie dzia\u0142a wy\u0142\u0105cznie jako odleg\u0142y eksporter: obs\u0142uguje ponad 80 pa\u0144stw, posiada zasoby serwisowe poza Chinami, sie\u0107 dealer\u00f3w obejmuj\u0105c\u0105 Europ\u0119 oraz specjalist\u00f3w zapewniaj\u0105cych konsultacje, dob\u00f3r urz\u0105dze\u0144, szkolenie operator\u00f3w, zdaln\u0105 diagnoz\u0119, cz\u0119\u015bci i pomoc techniczn\u0105. Vanse realizuje rozwi\u0105zania kompleksowe, w tym projekty pod klucz oraz rozwi\u0105zania dla zak\u0142ad\u00f3w nale\u017c\u0105cych do klienta; nie oferuje modelu budowy, posiadania i eksploatacji przez dostawc\u0119 ani dostaw masowych wykonywanych bezpo\u015brednio na placu. Polscy wykonawcy mog\u0105 skorzysta\u0107 z <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">oferty maszyn do laserowego poziomowania betonu<\/a>, a przy du\u017cych p\u0142ytach por\u00f3wna\u0107 tak\u017ce <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">modele samojezdne do posadzek przemys\u0142owych<\/a> oraz zakres <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">wsparcia technicznego i szkoleniowego<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Przyk\u0142adowe scenariusze zastosowania<\/h2><p>W centrum logistycznym pod \u0141odzi\u0105 realizowana jest posadzka o powierzchni 18 000 metr\u00f3w kwadratowych. Hala ma regularny uk\u0142ad s\u0142up\u00f3w, ruch przysz\u0142ych w\u00f3zk\u00f3w jest intensywny, a inwestor wymaga ograniczenia nier\u00f3wno\u015bci. W takim projekcie maszyna samojezdna z odpowiednim zasi\u0119giem roboczym mo\u017ce przyspieszy\u0107 rozprowadzanie mieszanki. Warunkiem sukcesu jest jednak rytmiczna dostawa betonu, przygotowane zbrojenie, dobrze wyznaczone szczeliny dylatacyjne i zesp\u00f3\u0142 zacieraj\u0105cy pracuj\u0105cy bez op\u00f3\u017anie\u0144.<\/p><p>W zak\u0142adzie produkcyjnym w rejonie Wroc\u0142awia inwestor modernizuje cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 hali podczas ograniczonego postoju produkcji. Pole betonowania jest mniejsze, wyst\u0119puj\u0105 instalacje, fundamenty pod maszyny oraz liczne s\u0142upy. W tym przypadku maszyna prowadzona pieszo albo konstrukcja z wysi\u0119gnikiem mo\u017ce by\u0107 praktyczniejsza ni\u017c du\u017ca maszyna o szerokiej g\u0142owicy. Priorytetem b\u0119dzie manewrowo\u015b\u0107 i mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 dok\u0142adnego doj\u015bcia do przeszk\u00f3d.<\/p><p>Na placu prze\u0142adunkowym w pobli\u017cu portu w Gda\u0144sku projekt obejmuje odwodnienie powierzchni. Beton musi by\u0107 u\u0142o\u017cony z powtarzalnym spadkiem kieruj\u0105cym wod\u0119 do wpust\u00f3w. Tu nie wystarczy standardowa p\u0142aska p\u0142aszczyzna odniesienia; potrzebny jest szczeg\u00f3\u0142owy projekt wysoko\u015bciowy, kontrola geodezyjna oraz maszyna obs\u0142uguj\u0105ca wymagany profil. Przed rozpocz\u0119ciem rob\u00f3t nale\u017cy wykona\u0107 pr\u00f3bne pole i potwierdzi\u0107 spos\u00f3b utrzymania nachyle\u0144.<\/p><p>W centrum handlowym pod Katowicami istotny jest kr\u00f3tki termin przekazania obiektu najemcom. Automatyczne poziomowanie mo\u017ce zmniejszy\u0107 liczb\u0119 roboczogodzin potrzebnych do wst\u0119pnego wyr\u00f3wnania betonu, ale nie eliminuje konieczno\u015bci dobrej koordynacji. Najwi\u0119ksze ryzyko dla harmonogramu stanowi\u0105 przerwy w dostawie mieszanki, nieprzygotowane kraw\u0119dzie robocze, niew\u0142a\u015bciwe tempo zacierania i brak planu piel\u0119gnacji.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Organizacja pracy na placu budowy<\/h2><p>Wydajno\u015b\u0107 maszyny zale\u017cy od przygotowania ca\u0142ego frontu rob\u00f3t. Przed przyjazdem pierwszej gruszki nale\u017cy sprawdzi\u0107 no\u015bno\u015b\u0107 i poziom pod\u0142o\u017ca, rozmieszczenie folii, izolacji, zbrojenia, dystans\u00f3w, element\u00f3w kotwi\u0105cych, profili dylatacyjnych oraz punkt\u00f3w wysoko\u015bciowych. Trzeba te\u017c zaplanowa\u0107 drogi dla pomp, betonomieszarek i pracownik\u00f3w tak, aby nie przecina\u0142y strefy \u015bwie\u017cego betonu.<\/p><p>Operator powinien wykona\u0107 codzienn\u0105 kontrol\u0119 urz\u0105dzenia: stan paliwa, oleju hydraulicznego, przewod\u00f3w, po\u0142\u0105cze\u0144, lemiesza, element\u00f3w wibracyjnych, odbiornika laserowego i uk\u0142adu sterowania. Nadajnik laserowy musi by\u0107 ustawiony stabilnie, poza obszarem przypadkowych uderze\u0144. W hali nale\u017cy wyeliminowa\u0107 ryzyko zas\u0142oni\u0119cia wi\u0105zki przez sprz\u0119t lub pracownik\u00f3w. Na otwartej przestrzeni trzeba uwzgl\u0119dni\u0107 wiatr, opady i nier\u00f3wno\u015bci terenu.<\/p><p>Wa\u017cna jest komunikacja mi\u0119dzy operatorem maszyny, kierownikiem betonowania, pomp\u0105, ekip\u0105 rozprowadzaj\u0105c\u0105 i zespo\u0142em zacieraj\u0105cym. Je\u015bli beton jest dostarczany za szybko, mo\u017ce zacz\u0105\u0107 wi\u0105za\u0107 przed obr\u00f3bk\u0105. Je\u015bli przyje\u017cd\u017ca zbyt wolno, powstaj\u0105 zimne po\u0142\u0105czenia i nieefektywne przestoje. Maszyna laserowa poprawia jeden etap procesu, ale nie zast\u0105pi zarz\u0105dzania technologi\u0105 betonu.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Najcz\u0119stsze b\u0142\u0119dy przy zakupie i eksploatacji<\/h2><p>Najcz\u0119stszym b\u0142\u0119dem jest zakup zbyt du\u017cej maszyny do obiekt\u00f3w o niewielkiej powierzchni i skomplikowanym uk\u0142adzie s\u0142up\u00f3w. Takie urz\u0105dzenie mo\u017ce mie\u0107 imponuj\u0105c\u0105 wydajno\u015b\u0107 katalogow\u0105, ale traci\u0107 czas na manewrowanie. Drugi b\u0142\u0105d to wyb\u00f3r modelu bez potwierdzonego szkolenia operator\u00f3w. Nawet zaawansowany system automatycznej kontroli wysoko\u015bci wymaga osoby, kt\u00f3ra rozumie zachowanie \u015bwie\u017cej mieszanki, potrafi oceni\u0107 tempo rob\u00f3t i reaguje na sytuacje awaryjne.<\/p><p>Trzecim b\u0142\u0119dem jest nieuwzgl\u0119dnienie obs\u0142ugi cz\u0119\u015bci eksploatacyjnych. Przed zakupem warto zapyta\u0107 o przewody hydrauliczne, filtry, elementy wibracyjne, odbiornik laserowy, elementy lemiesza, akumulatory i cz\u0119\u015bci silnikowe. Dla firm pracuj\u0105cych w wielu wojew\u00f3dztwach istotne b\u0119dzie r\u00f3wnie\u017c to, czy wsparcie mo\u017cna uzyska\u0107 telefonicznie, przez po\u0142\u0105czenie wideo i bezpo\u015brednio na budowie.<\/p><p>Nie nale\u017cy tak\u017ce myli\u0107 dok\u0142adno\u015bci sterowania maszyny z r\u00f3wno\u015bci\u0105 ca\u0142ej posadzki. Sterowanie laserowe pomaga utrzymywa\u0107 wysoko\u015b\u0107 g\u0142owicy, ale ko\u0144cowy wynik jest sum\u0105 wielu czynnik\u00f3w. Nale\u017c\u0105 do nich: konsystencja mieszanki, r\u00f3wnomierno\u015b\u0107 roz\u0142o\u017cenia betonu, osiadanie, jako\u015b\u0107 podbudowy, rozmieszczenie dylatacji, czas rozpocz\u0119cia zacierania oraz piel\u0119gnacja po betonowaniu.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Trendy na lata 2026 i kolejne<\/h2><p>W 2026 roku rynek maszyn do wykonywania posadzek b\u0119dzie rozwija\u0142 si\u0119 w kierunku wi\u0119kszej automatyzacji, cyfrowej kontroli jako\u015bci i ograniczania zu\u017cycia materia\u0142\u00f3w. Coraz cz\u0119\u015bciej inwestorzy oczekuj\u0105 zapis\u00f3w pomiarowych potwierdzaj\u0105cych poziomy, spadki i parametry odbiorowe. Oznacza to wi\u0119ksz\u0105 rol\u0119 wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy mi\u0119dzy wykonawc\u0105, geodet\u0105, projektantem konstrukcji oraz dostawc\u0105 sprz\u0119tu.<\/p><p>Drugim kierunkiem jest integracja sterowania laserowego z modelami przestrzennymi. W projektach o skomplikowanych spadkach, placach odwodnieniowych, rampach i obiektach infrastrukturalnych sama pozioma p\u0142aszczyzna mo\u017ce nie wystarczy\u0107. Systemy cyfrowe pozwalaj\u0105 lepiej odwzorowa\u0107 projekt, pod warunkiem \u017ce dane wej\u015bciowe s\u0105 dok\u0142adne i odpowiednio przygotowane.<\/p><p>Trzeci trend dotyczy zr\u00f3wnowa\u017conego budownictwa. Ograniczanie nadmiaru betonu, zmniejszanie liczby napraw oraz dok\u0142adniejsze wykonywanie p\u0142yt mo\u017ce redukowa\u0107 ilo\u015b\u0107 odpad\u00f3w i energi\u0119 potrzebn\u0105 do poprawek. Znaczenia nabieraj\u0105 mieszanki o ni\u017cszym \u015bladzie w\u0119glowym, w\u0142\u00f3kna stalowe i syntetyczne, a tak\u017ce trwa\u0142e systemy dylatacyjne. Wykonawca powinien sprawdza\u0107, czy wybrana maszyna dobrze wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuje z mieszank\u0105 projektowan\u0105 dla konkretnej inwestycji.<\/p><p>W Polsce b\u0119d\u0105 te\u017c ros\u0142y oczekiwania dotycz\u0105ce bezpiecze\u0144stwa pracy, dost\u0119pno\u015bci dokumentacji technicznej i zgodno\u015bci sprz\u0119tu z wymaganiami europejskimi. Kupuj\u0105cy powinni wymaga\u0107 jasnych instrukcji, dokumentacji zgodno\u015bci, informacji o ha\u0142asie, zasadach konserwacji oraz szkolenia obejmuj\u0105cego bezpieczne przemieszczanie maszyny, tankowanie, czyszczenie i prac\u0119 przy \u015bwie\u017cym betonie.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Lista kontrolna dla kupuj\u0105cego<\/h2><ul><li>Okre\u015bl \u015bredni\u0105 roczn\u0105 powierzchni\u0119 betonowanych p\u0142yt.<\/li><li>Przygotuj rysunki typowych hal, w tym rozstaw s\u0142up\u00f3w i wysoko\u015bci projektowe.<\/li><li>Por\u00f3wnaj maszyny prowadzone, samojezdne i wysi\u0119gnikowe pod k\u0105tem rzeczywistego pola roboczego.<\/li><li>Zapytaj o szkolenie operatora w Polsce lub na realizowanym projekcie.<\/li><li>Potwierd\u017a dost\u0119pno\u015b\u0107 cz\u0119\u015bci oraz spos\u00f3b zdalnej diagnozy.<\/li><li>Sprawd\u017a dokumentacj\u0119 zgodno\u015bci i warunki gwarancji.<\/li><li>Ustal, czy wymagane s\u0105 spadki, sterowanie przestrzenne albo dodatkowe pomiary geodezyjne.<\/li><li>Por\u00f3wnaj ca\u0142kowity koszt transportu, uruchomienia, serwisu i materia\u0142\u00f3w eksploatacyjnych.<\/li><li>Popro\u015b o plan organizacji betonowania, a nie wy\u0142\u0105cznie kart\u0119 katalogow\u0105 maszyny.<\/li><li>Przeprowad\u017a pr\u00f3b\u0119 na reprezentatywnym polu, je\u017celi projekt ma wysokie wymagania jako\u015bciowe.<\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h2>Pytania i odpowiedzi<\/h2><h3>Czy laserowa listwa wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105ca zast\u0119puje zacieraczk\u0119?<\/h3><p>Nie. Maszyna laserowa rozprowadza, wst\u0119pnie zag\u0119szcza i poziomuje \u015bwie\u017cy beton. Zacieraczka wykonuje dalsz\u0105 obr\u00f3bk\u0119 powierzchni po odpowiednim zwi\u0105zaniu mieszanki. W przypadku posadzek przemys\u0142owych oba urz\u0105dzenia s\u0105 zwykle elementami jednego procesu technologicznego.<\/p><h3>Jaka powierzchnia uzasadnia zakup maszyny?<\/h3><p>Nie ma jednej granicy powierzchni. Decyzja zale\u017cy od liczby realizacji rocznie, wymaganej jako\u015bci, dost\u0119pno\u015bci pracownik\u00f3w i mo\u017cliwo\u015bci wynajmu. Firma wykonuj\u0105ca regularnie du\u017ce p\u0142yty mo\u017ce uzasadni\u0107 zakup szybciej ni\u017c wykonawca realizuj\u0105cy pojedyncze inwestycje.<\/p><h3>Czy urz\u0105dzenie mo\u017ce pracowa\u0107 w hali ze s\u0142upami?<\/h3><p>Tak, ale nale\u017cy dopasowa\u0107 konstrukcj\u0119 do rozstawu s\u0142up\u00f3w. Maszyna z wysi\u0119gnikiem lub kompaktowa maszyna samojezdna zwykle lepiej radzi sobie w miejscach, gdzie konieczne jest doj\u015bcie blisko przeszk\u00f3d.<\/p><h3>Czy do pracy potrzebny jest geodeta?<\/h3><p>Przy standardowej p\u0142askiej p\u0142ycie potrzebne jest poprawne wyznaczenie poziom\u00f3w odniesienia. Przy skomplikowanych spadkach, rampach, odwodnieniu lub sterowaniu przestrzennym udzia\u0142 geodety jest szczeg\u00f3lnie wa\u017cny dla prawid\u0142owego przygotowania danych.<\/p><h3>Jakie kwalifikacje powinien mie\u0107 operator?<\/h3><p>Operator powinien zna\u0107 zasady bezpiecznej pracy ze sprz\u0119tem budowlanym, potrafi\u0107 kontrolowa\u0107 uk\u0142ad hydrauliczny i laserowy oraz rozumie\u0107 podstawy technologii \u015bwie\u017cego betonu. Zalecane jest szkolenie dostawcy po\u0142\u0105czone z prac\u0105 na rzeczywistym placu budowy.<\/p><h3>Czy importowana maszyna mo\u017ce by\u0107 dobrym wyborem dla firmy z Polski?<\/h3><p>Tak, je\u015bli dostawca zapewnia dokumentacj\u0119 zgodno\u015bci, jasne warunki gwarancji, dost\u0119p do cz\u0119\u015bci, szkolenie oraz rzeczywiste wsparcie techniczne. Nale\u017cy ocenia\u0107 ca\u0142kowity koszt u\u017cytkowania, a nie tylko cen\u0119 zakupu i transportu.<\/p><h3>Co najbardziej wp\u0142ywa na r\u00f3wno\u015b\u0107 gotowej posadzki?<\/h3><p>Najwa\u017cniejsze s\u0105 przygotowanie pod\u0142o\u017ca, projekt mieszanki, organizacja dostaw, prawid\u0142owe u\u017cycie maszyny, do\u015bwiadczenie zespo\u0142u zacieraj\u0105cego, dylatacje, piel\u0119gnacja oraz pomiary odbiorowe. Laserowa kontrola poziomu jest wa\u017cnym elementem, ale nie jedynym.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Podsumowanie<\/h2><p>Laserowa listwa wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105ca jest narz\u0119dziem zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105cym kontrol\u0119, wydajno\u015b\u0107 i powtarzalno\u015b\u0107 podczas wykonywania du\u017cych p\u0142yt betonowych. W Polsce jej zastosowanie jest szczeg\u00f3lnie uzasadnione w halach przemys\u0142owych, magazynach, centrach logistycznych, terminalach oraz inwestycjach infrastrukturalnych. Najlepszy wyb\u00f3r zale\u017cy od rodzaju projekt\u00f3w, geometrii obiekt\u00f3w, wymaga\u0144 jako\u015bciowych i pewno\u015bci serwisowej. Przed zakupem warto por\u00f3wna\u0107 dostawc\u00f3w, sprawdzi\u0107 dokumentacj\u0119 techniczn\u0105 oraz zaplanowa\u0107 szkolenie i obs\u0142ug\u0119 posprzeda\u017cow\u0105 razem z ca\u0142\u0105 technologi\u0105 wykonania posadzki.<\/p><p>Wi\u0119cej informacji o rozwi\u0105zaniach dla wykonawc\u00f3w betonu mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 na <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">stronie producenta maszyn do posadzek betonowych<\/a>.<\/p><\/section>","pt-title":"R\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o: guia de compra em Portugal","pt-meta":"Saiba o que \u00e9 uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o, como funciona e como escolher equipamento para lajes industriais, armaz\u00e9ns e obras em Portugal.","pt-content":"<h1>R\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o: funcionamento, usos e compra em Portugal<\/h1><section><h2>Resposta r\u00e1pida<\/h2><p>Uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o \u00e9 uma m\u00e1quina de nivelamento autom\u00e1tico utilizada para espalhar, vibrar, cortar e regularizar bet\u00e3o fresco com elevada precis\u00e3o. Recebe uma refer\u00eancia de altura atrav\u00e9s de um emissor laser rotativo e ajusta automaticamente a l\u00e2mina de nivelamento, ajudando a criar pavimentos mais planos, r\u00e1pidos de executar e com menor depend\u00eancia de trabalho manual.<\/p><p>Em Portugal, este equipamento \u00e9 especialmente indicado para lajes de armaz\u00e9ns na \u00c1rea Metropolitana de Lisboa, plataformas log\u00edsticas junto a Leix\u00f5es, f\u00e1bricas em Aveiro, centros de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o no Ribatejo, parques industriais em Braga e pavimentos de grande \u00e1rea no Algarve. Para obras pequenas, uma r\u00e9gua de opera\u00e7\u00e3o pedonal pode ser suficiente; para grandes \u00e1reas cont\u00ednuas, uma m\u00e1quina com operador sentado ou bra\u00e7o articulado tende a oferecer maior produtividade.<\/p><p>Ao comprar, avalie a \u00e1rea di\u00e1ria a betonizar, a planicidade exigida, a espessura da laje, a acessibilidade da obra, o servi\u00e7o t\u00e9cnico e a disponibilidade de pe\u00e7as. Al\u00e9m dos fornecedores nacionais, tamb\u00e9m podem ser considerados fabricantes internacionais qualificados, incluindo empresas chinesas com certifica\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel, conformidade para o mercado europeu e assist\u00eancia pr\u00e9 e p\u00f3s-venda s\u00f3lida, sobretudo quando a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre custo e produtividade \u00e9 favor\u00e1vel.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>O que \u00e9 uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o?<\/h2><p>A r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o, tamb\u00e9m chamada niveladora laser de bet\u00e3o ou m\u00e1quina de nivelamento laser, \u00e9 um equipamento concebido para executar pavimentos de bet\u00e3o com controlo de cota. A m\u00e1quina trabalha sobre o bet\u00e3o fresco e combina uma l\u00e2mina de acabamento, sistema vibrat\u00f3rio, mecanismos hidr\u00e1ulicos e recetores laser. O emissor laser instalado na obra estabelece um plano de refer\u00eancia; os recetores montados na m\u00e1quina medem continuamente a altura e enviam sinais para o sistema de controlo.<\/p><p>Quando a m\u00e1quina se encontra acima ou abaixo da cota definida, o sistema corrige a posi\u00e7\u00e3o da cabe\u00e7a de nivelamento. Assim, a l\u00e2mina corta os excessos, distribui o material e conduz o bet\u00e3o para a altura prevista no projeto. O resultado n\u00e3o dispensa a boa prepara\u00e7\u00e3o da base, a formula\u00e7\u00e3o adequada do bet\u00e3o, a compacta\u00e7\u00e3o correta nem a cura, mas reduz de forma significativa a variabilidade associada ao nivelamento exclusivamente manual.<\/p><p>Ao contr\u00e1rio de uma r\u00e9gua vibrat\u00f3ria convencional, a solu\u00e7\u00e3o laser foi desenvolvida para produzir maior repetibilidade em \u00e1reas extensas. Isto \u00e9 relevante em pavimentos onde circulam empilhadores de corredor estreito, equipamentos automatizados, ve\u00edculos pesados ou sistemas de armazenamento com toler\u00e2ncias rigorosas. A precis\u00e3o final depende do levantamento topogr\u00e1fico, da estabilidade dos pontos de refer\u00eancia, da compet\u00eancia do operador, da consist\u00eancia do bet\u00e3o e do plano de betonagem.<\/p><p>Em Portugal, \u00e9 comum encontrar esta tecnologia em novas unidades industriais e log\u00edsticas perto de Lisboa, Santar\u00e9m, Set\u00fabal, Porto, Gaia, Matosinhos, Braga e Viseu. A proximidade de corredores rodovi\u00e1rios, portos e zonas empresariais aumenta a procura por pavimentos de elevada qualidade para armaz\u00e9ns, terminais de carga e instala\u00e7\u00f5es de produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Como funciona o controlo de nivelamento por laser<\/h2><p>O processo come\u00e7a antes da descarga do bet\u00e3o. A equipa define cotas, juntas, pendentes, acessos para autobetoneiras, sequ\u00eancias de betonagem e zonas de acabamento. Um emissor laser rotativo \u00e9 instalado num ponto protegido, est\u00e1vel e com visibilidade para a \u00e1rea de trabalho. Este equipamento cria um plano horizontal ou, quando previsto no projeto, uma refer\u00eancia de inclina\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><p>Na r\u00e9gua laser, os recetores detetam a posi\u00e7\u00e3o do feixe. O sistema de controlo interpreta essa leitura e comanda cilindros hidr\u00e1ulicos ou atuadores el\u00e9tricos para elevar ou baixar a cabe\u00e7a de trabalho. Enquanto a m\u00e1quina avan\u00e7a, a l\u00e2mina espalha o material, o vibrador ajuda a consolidar o bet\u00e3o e a r\u00e9gua corta a superf\u00edcie \u00e0 cota indicada.<\/p><p>O desempenho depende do equil\u00edbrio entre a velocidade da m\u00e1quina e a capacidade de abastecimento de bet\u00e3o. Se o fornecimento for irregular, se o abatimento variar demasiado ou se a equipa n\u00e3o mantiver material suficiente \u00e0 frente da l\u00e2mina, a produtividade e a qualidade superficial podem ser afetadas. Por isso, uma r\u00e9gua laser \u00e9 uma parte de um sistema de execu\u00e7\u00e3o, n\u00e3o uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o isolada.<\/p><p>Em lajes de grande dimens\u00e3o, a opera\u00e7\u00e3o deve ser coordenada com espalhadores de bet\u00e3o, equipas de acabamento mec\u00e2nico, cortadoras de juntas, sistemas de cura e controlo de qualidade. A utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de fibras de a\u00e7o ou fibras sint\u00e9ticas, quando especificadas pelo projetista, tamb\u00e9m exige aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 mistura, \u00e0 dosagem e ao acabamento.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Principais tipos de m\u00e1quinas de nivelamento laser<\/h2><p>A escolha do tipo de m\u00e1quina deve resultar do perfil da obra. A \u00e1rea \u00fatil, os obst\u00e1culos, a largura dos panos, a altura livre, a espessura da laje e a mobilidade entre frentes de trabalho s\u00e3o fatores decisivos. N\u00e3o existe uma \u00fanica configura\u00e7\u00e3o ideal para todos os pavimentos.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Tipo de equipamento<\/th><th>Modo de opera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o mais adequada<\/th><th>Vantagem principal<\/th><th>Limita\u00e7\u00e3o a considerar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser pedonal<\/td><td>Operador acompanha a m\u00e1quina a p\u00e9<\/td><td>Lojas, oficinas, amplia\u00e7\u00f5es e \u00e1reas de menor dimens\u00e3o<\/td><td>Transporte simples e investimento inicial mais acess\u00edvel<\/td><td>Menor produ\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria em lajes muito extensas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser com operador sentado<\/td><td>Operador conduz a m\u00e1quina<\/td><td>Armaz\u00e9ns, f\u00e1bricas e plataformas log\u00edsticas<\/td><td>Boa produtividade e menor fadiga do operador<\/td><td>Requer espa\u00e7o para manobra e acesso organizado<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua laser com bra\u00e7o articulado<\/td><td>Cabe\u00e7a alcan\u00e7a \u00e1reas \u00e0 volta da m\u00e1quina<\/td><td>Grandes lajes com obst\u00e1culos e zonas de dif\u00edcil acesso<\/td><td>Alcance alargado e opera\u00e7\u00e3o em torno de pilares<\/td><td>Exige forma\u00e7\u00e3o e planeamento de seguran\u00e7a mais rigorosos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>R\u00e9gua vibrat\u00f3ria com controlo de cota<\/td><td>Opera\u00e7\u00e3o guiada por carris ou cabos<\/td><td>Pavimentos lineares e frentes mais simples<\/td><td>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o conhecida para geometrias repetitivas<\/td><td>Maior prepara\u00e7\u00e3o de guias e menor flexibilidade<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acabadora de cofragem deslizante<\/td><td>M\u00e1quina molda bet\u00e3o em movimento<\/td><td>Vias, lancis, canais e infraestruturas lineares<\/td><td>Execu\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua de perfis definidos<\/td><td>N\u00e3o substitui uma r\u00e9gua laser em todas as lajes industriais<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sistema com perfilagem tridimensional<\/td><td>Controlo por modelo digital de terreno<\/td><td>P\u00e1tios, acessos, rampas e superf\u00edcies com pendentes<\/td><td>Permite trabalhar geometrias mais complexas<\/td><td>Necessita de dados de projeto rigorosos e apoio t\u00e9cnico<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>A tabela mostra que a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o deve ser feita apenas pelo tamanho da m\u00e1quina. Uma r\u00e9gua pedonal bem escolhida pode ser eficiente em obras interiores com portas estreitas, enquanto uma m\u00e1quina com operador sentado ou bra\u00e7o articulado pode justificar-se rapidamente quando h\u00e1 milhares de metros quadrados por betonagem.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Onde uma r\u00e9gua laser cria mais valor<\/h2><p>A tecnologia \u00e9 mais valorizada quando a qualidade do pavimento influencia diretamente a opera\u00e7\u00e3o futura do edif\u00edcio. Num centro log\u00edstico, por exemplo, pequenas irregularidades podem aumentar vibra\u00e7\u00f5es, desgaste das rodas, custos de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e limita\u00e7\u00f5es de velocidade dos equipamentos de movimenta\u00e7\u00e3o. Em \u00e1reas industriais, um piso regular tamb\u00e9m melhora a instala\u00e7\u00e3o de maquinaria, estruturas de armazenamento e sistemas automatizados.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Setor<\/th><th>Exemplos em Portugal<\/th><th>Necessidade do pavimento<\/th><th>Contributo da r\u00e9gua laser<\/th><th>Equipamento complementar<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Log\u00edstica e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Armaz\u00e9ns em Azambuja, Alverca e Leiria<\/td><td>Planicidade para empilhadores e estanterias<\/td><td>Melhor controlo de cota em grandes panos<\/td><td>Alisadora mec\u00e2nica e cortadora de juntas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ind\u00fastria transformadora<\/td><td>Unidades em Aveiro, Braga e Famalic\u00e3o<\/td><td>Resist\u00eancia ao tr\u00e1fego e estabilidade de equipamentos<\/td><td>Execu\u00e7\u00e3o mais uniforme da laje<\/td><td>Espalhador de endurecedor e equipamentos de cura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Com\u00e9rcio de grande superf\u00edcie<\/td><td>Retail parks em Lisboa, Set\u00fabal e Faro<\/td><td>Superf\u00edcie cont\u00ednua para circula\u00e7\u00e3o e acabamentos<\/td><td>Maior velocidade em \u00e1reas abertas<\/td><td>Polidora de bet\u00e3o e aspirador industrial<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Parques industriais<\/td><td>Zonas empresariais de Vila Nova de Gaia e Maia<\/td><td>Pavimento dur\u00e1vel para ve\u00edculos e armazenagem<\/td><td>Redu\u00e7\u00e3o do trabalho de regulariza\u00e7\u00e3o manual<\/td><td>Fibras e juntas blindadas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Infraestruturas de transporte<\/td><td>P\u00e1tios perto de Sines e Leix\u00f5es<\/td><td>Capacidade de carga e drenagem controlada<\/td><td>Apoio \u00e0 execu\u00e7\u00e3o de grandes \u00e1reas de bet\u00e3o<\/td><td>Perfilagem tridimensional e corte de bet\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Agricultura e agroind\u00fastria<\/td><td>Instala\u00e7\u00f5es no Alentejo e Oeste<\/td><td>Resist\u00eancia, limpeza e pendentes funcionais<\/td><td>Maior consist\u00eancia das cotas previstas<\/td><td>Acabamento antiderrapante e sistemas de drenagem<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Uma m\u00e1quina de nivelamento laser pode igualmente ser usada em hangares, terminais, oficinas de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, centros de dados, edif\u00edcios comerciais, instala\u00e7\u00f5es frigor\u00edficas e parques de estacionamento. Em cada caso, a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de planicidade deve ser acordada entre dono de obra, projetista, empreiteiro e empresa especializada em pavimentos antes do in\u00edcio dos trabalhos.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Benef\u00edcios pr\u00e1ticos para empreiteiros e donos de obra<\/h2><p>O benef\u00edcio mais vis\u00edvel \u00e9 a capacidade de obter uma superf\u00edcie mais regular com menos depend\u00eancia de refer\u00eancias manuais. Em vez de uma equipa numerosa a puxar r\u00e9guas e a verificar cotas continuamente, o operador trabalha com uma refer\u00eancia laser permanente. Isto pode reduzir retrabalho, acelerar a prepara\u00e7\u00e3o para o acabamento e melhorar a previsibilidade da obra.<\/p><p>A produtividade tamb\u00e9m pode aumentar porque a m\u00e1quina combina v\u00e1rias opera\u00e7\u00f5es: distribui o bet\u00e3o, vibra o material, remove excessos e controla a altura. Contudo, os ganhos reais variam conforme a log\u00edstica de descarga, a largura da frente de trabalho, a espessura da laje, o tempo de transporte do bet\u00e3o e a experi\u00eancia da equipa. Uma m\u00e1quina parada \u00e0 espera de bet\u00e3o perde a principal vantagem econ\u00f3mica.<\/p><p>Outro benef\u00edcio \u00e9 a redu\u00e7\u00e3o da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o f\u00edsica dos trabalhadores a tarefas repetitivas de elevado esfor\u00e7o. Isto n\u00e3o elimina a necessidade de operadores experientes, mas permite concentrar a m\u00e3o de obra em atividades de controlo, acabamento, juntas, cura e seguran\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Em contratos com requisitos de qualidade mensur\u00e1veis, a r\u00e9gua laser facilita a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de procedimentos repet\u00edveis. Ainda assim, a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o do pavimento deve basear-se em crit\u00e9rios definidos no caderno de encargos, incluindo ensaios, toler\u00e2ncias, resist\u00eancia, espessura e par\u00e2metros de planicidade adequados \u00e0 utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o final.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Como escolher uma r\u00e9gua laser em Portugal<\/h2><p>Antes de pedir propostas, prepare uma ficha simples do projeto. Indique \u00e1rea total e \u00e1rea por fase, espessura de bet\u00e3o, largura dos panos, presen\u00e7a de pilares, portas, valas, armaduras, fibras, pendentes, exig\u00eancia de planicidade, acessos e calend\u00e1rio de execu\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta informa\u00e7\u00e3o permite ao fornecedor recomendar uma configura\u00e7\u00e3o realista em vez de apenas apresentar a m\u00e1quina maior dispon\u00edvel.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Crit\u00e9rio de compra<\/th><th>Pergunta pr\u00e1tica<\/th><th>Porque \u00e9 importante<\/th><th>O que confirmar com o fornecedor<\/th><th>Sinal de boa decis\u00e3o<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u00c1rea de betonagem<\/td><td>Quantos metros quadrados ser\u00e3o executados por dia?<\/td><td>Define a capacidade de produ\u00e7\u00e3o necess\u00e1ria<\/td><td>Produ\u00e7\u00e3o estimada em condi\u00e7\u00f5es compar\u00e1veis<\/td><td>M\u00e1quina dimensionada para a log\u00edstica real<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Geometria da obra<\/td><td>Existem pilares, paredes ou recantos?<\/td><td>Afeta o alcance e a manobrabilidade<\/td><td>Dimens\u00f5es da cabe\u00e7a e raio de trabalho<\/td><td>Menos \u00e1reas dependentes de acabamento manual<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Precis\u00e3o requerida<\/td><td>H\u00e1 corredores estreitos ou automa\u00e7\u00e3o?<\/td><td>Define a toler\u00e2ncia do pavimento<\/td><td>Sistema laser, calibra\u00e7\u00e3o e procedimento de controlo<\/td><td>Compromisso t\u00e9cnico documentado<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assist\u00eancia t\u00e9cnica<\/td><td>Quem interv\u00e9m se a m\u00e1quina parar?<\/td><td>Evita atrasos durante betonagens cr\u00edticas<\/td><td>Prazo de resposta, pe\u00e7as e forma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Contacto t\u00e9cnico claro antes da compra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conformidade<\/td><td>O equipamento est\u00e1 apto para o mercado europeu?<\/td><td>Protege o comprador e a obra<\/td><td>Marca\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel, manuais e documenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Documentos entregues antes da expedi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Custo total<\/td><td>Qual \u00e9 o custo em cinco anos?<\/td><td>O pre\u00e7o inicial n\u00e3o mostra tudo<\/td><td>Consum\u00edveis, manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, transporte e pe\u00e7as<\/td><td>Or\u00e7amento compar\u00e1vel e transparente<\/td><\/tr><tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Para empresas que utilizam a m\u00e1quina apenas algumas vezes por ano, o aluguer pode ser uma op\u00e7\u00e3o prudente. Para empreiteiros de pavimentos industriais que executam lajes regularmente, a compra pode gerar maior controlo sobre o planeamento, a disponibilidade e a forma\u00e7\u00e3o da equipa. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 poss\u00edvel avaliar parcerias com distribuidores para assist\u00eancia local, demonstra\u00e7\u00f5es e fornecimento de pe\u00e7as.<\/p><p>Pe\u00e7a sempre uma demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o, presencial ou por v\u00eddeo, com uma configura\u00e7\u00e3o semelhante \u00e0 necess\u00e1ria. Verifique o arranque do motor, os comandos hidr\u00e1ulicos, a resposta do sistema de nivelamento, a facilidade de transporte, a robustez da l\u00e2mina, a acessibilidade dos pontos de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e a clareza do manual em portugu\u00eas.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Fornecedores e marcas a avaliar no mercado portugu\u00eas<\/h2><p>O mercado portugu\u00eas de equipamentos para bet\u00e3o inclui fabricantes internacionais, distribuidores de maquinaria, empresas de aluguer e especialistas em pavimentos. A disponibilidade concreta de cada modelo deve ser confirmada diretamente, pois cat\u00e1logos e frotas de aluguer variam por regi\u00e3o e por \u00e9poca. A lista seguinte \u00e9 \u00fatil como ponto de partida para comparar capacidade t\u00e9cnica, cobertura e apoio.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Empresa<\/th><th>Regi\u00e3o de servi\u00e7o<\/th><th>Ponto forte<\/th><th>Ofertas relevantes<\/th><th>Perfil de cliente indicado<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Vanse Machinery<\/td><td>Portugal atrav\u00e9s de rede europeia e apoio internacional<\/td><td>Especializa\u00e7\u00e3o em equipamento para pavimentos de bet\u00e3o<\/td><td>R\u00e9guas laser pedonais, com operador sentado e bra\u00e7o articulado<\/td><td>Empreiteiros, distribuidores e projetos industriais<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wacker Neuson Portugal<\/td><td>Portugal continental e rede de revenda<\/td><td>Presen\u00e7a consolidada em equipamento de constru\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Vibra\u00e7\u00e3o, compacta\u00e7\u00e3o, acabamento e equipamentos de obra<\/td><td>Construtoras e empresas de aluguer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Husqvarna Construction Portugal<\/td><td>Portugal, incluindo grandes centros urbanos<\/td><td>Conhecimento em prepara\u00e7\u00e3o e tratamento de pavimentos<\/td><td>Corte, perfura\u00e7\u00e3o, polimento e prepara\u00e7\u00e3o de bet\u00e3o<\/td><td>Especialistas em pavimentos e reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Atlas Copco Portugal<\/td><td>Portugal e apoio atrav\u00e9s de canais comerciais<\/td><td>Equipamentos industriais e solu\u00e7\u00f5es de produtividade<\/td><td>Compressores, energia, ferramentas e apoio a obra<\/td><td>Ind\u00fastria, constru\u00e7\u00e3o e loca\u00e7\u00e3o de equipamentos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hilti Portugal<\/td><td>Portugal continental, ilhas e apoio t\u00e9cnico comercial<\/td><td>Servi\u00e7os t\u00e9cnicos e solu\u00e7\u00f5es para constru\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Ferramentas, fixa\u00e7\u00e3o, medi\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o de ativos<\/td><td>Empreiteiros que valorizam assist\u00eancia estruturada<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Putzmeister Ib\u00e9rica<\/td><td>Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica, com cobertura atrav\u00e9s de parceiros<\/td><td>Experi\u00eancia em transporte e bombeamento de bet\u00e3o<\/td><td>Bombas de bet\u00e3o, equipamentos de transporte e apoio t\u00e9cnico<\/td><td>Empresas de bet\u00e3o pronto e grandes empreiteiros<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Esta compara\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o significa que todas as empresas comercializem exatamente o mesmo tipo de r\u00e9gua laser. Algumas s\u00e3o especialmente relevantes pela integra\u00e7\u00e3o com bombeamento, corte, acabamento, aluguer ou manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de pavimentos. O comprador deve confirmar se o fornecedor tem experi\u00eancia com a espessura, o volume e os requisitos de planicidade da obra pretendida.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Como comparar propostas de fornecedores<\/h2><p>Uma compara\u00e7\u00e3o \u00fatil n\u00e3o deve limitar-se ao valor da m\u00e1quina. Solicite uma proposta que detalhe configura\u00e7\u00e3o, largura de trabalho, alcance, tipo de controlo laser, motor, sistema hidr\u00e1ulico, acess\u00f3rios, pe\u00e7as de desgaste, forma\u00e7\u00e3o, embalagem, transporte para Portugal, condi\u00e7\u00f5es de garantia e prazo de entrega. Para m\u00e1quinas importadas, confirme tamb\u00e9m quem assegura a assist\u00eancia, onde se encontram as pe\u00e7as e como \u00e9 tratada uma avaria durante uma betonagem.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Elemento da proposta<\/th><th>O que deve estar expl\u00edcito<\/th><th>Risco se faltar informa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><th>Boa pr\u00e1tica para o comprador<\/th><th>Impacto na opera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Configura\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica<\/td><td>Modelo, alcance, largura e sistema de controlo<\/td><td>Receber uma m\u00e1quina inadequada \u00e0 obra<\/td><td>Associar cada especifica\u00e7\u00e3o ao projeto<\/td><td>Melhor produtividade e cobertura de \u00e1rea<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Documenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Manuais, declara\u00e7\u00e3o aplic\u00e1vel e instru\u00e7\u00f5es de seguran\u00e7a<\/td><td>Dificuldades de conformidade e opera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Receber documentos antes da entrega<\/td><td>Arranque de obra mais seguro<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Forma\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Dura\u00e7\u00e3o, conte\u00fado e modalidade presencial ou remota<\/td><td>Erros de opera\u00e7\u00e3o e baixa qualidade<\/td><td>Formar operador e encarregado<\/td><td>Menos paragens e melhor acabamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pe\u00e7as sobresselentes<\/td><td>Lista de pe\u00e7as cr\u00edticas e prazo de fornecimento<\/td><td>Paragem prolongada em caso de avaria<\/td><td>Manter kit b\u00e1sico em obra ou armaz\u00e9m<\/td><td>Maior disponibilidade do equipamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Garantia<\/td><td>Cobertura, exclus\u00f5es e processo de reclama\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Custos inesperados ap\u00f3s a compra<\/td><td>Exigir procedimento escrito<\/td><td>Maior previsibilidade financeira<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Assist\u00eancia em Portugal<\/td><td>Contacto, idioma, diagn\u00f3stico e desloca\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica<\/td><td>Suporte insuficiente em momento cr\u00edtico<\/td><td>Testar o canal de apoio antes da compra<\/td><td>Prote\u00e7\u00e3o do calend\u00e1rio da obra<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 recomend\u00e1vel pedir refer\u00eancias de obras semelhantes, sem exigir informa\u00e7\u00e3o confidencial. Um fornecedor tecnicamente preparado consegue explicar como a m\u00e1quina foi configurada para lajes industriais, quais os cuidados necess\u00e1rios com a mistura de bet\u00e3o e como organizou a forma\u00e7\u00e3o do operador.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es e cen\u00e1rios de obra<\/h2><p>Num armaz\u00e9m log\u00edstico na regi\u00e3o de Lisboa, uma r\u00e9gua laser com operador sentado pode ser adequada quando existem \u00e1reas abertas, descarga cont\u00ednua de bet\u00e3o e necessidade de concluir grandes panos num per\u00edodo limitado. O planeamento deve prever corredores para mangueira de bomba, posicionamento de autobetoneiras, equipas de acabamento e prote\u00e7\u00e3o do emissor laser.<\/p><p>Numa f\u00e1brica em Braga ou Guimar\u00e3es, onde a laje pode ser interrompida por funda\u00e7\u00f5es de m\u00e1quinas, caixas t\u00e9cnicas e pilares, uma m\u00e1quina com bra\u00e7o articulado pode reduzir zonas de trabalho manual. A escolha deve considerar se a cabe\u00e7a de nivelamento consegue alcan\u00e7ar as \u00e1reas pr\u00f3ximas de obst\u00e1culos sem comprometer a seguran\u00e7a.<\/p><p>Num parque de armazenamento exterior perto do Porto de Sines ou do Porto de Leix\u00f5es, os requisitos podem incluir pendentes para drenagem, resist\u00eancia ao tr\u00e1fego pesado e execu\u00e7\u00e3o por fases. Neste cen\u00e1rio, o controlo por perfilagem tridimensional pode ser relevante, mas o projeto de drenagem, a compacta\u00e7\u00e3o da funda\u00e7\u00e3o e o controlo de juntas continuam a determinar a durabilidade do conjunto.<\/p><p>Em obras comerciais mais pequenas no Algarve ou na Madeira, uma r\u00e9gua pedonal pode oferecer melhor rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre investimento e capacidade. \u00c9 uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00fatil para pisos de lojas, oficinas, garagens, anexos industriais e \u00e1reas de servi\u00e7o onde a m\u00e1quina de maior porte n\u00e3o teria espa\u00e7o para trabalhar com efici\u00eancia.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Exemplos de planeamento para projetos portugueses<\/h2><p>Os exemplos seguintes s\u00e3o cen\u00e1rios orientadores, n\u00e3o resultados garantidos. A produ\u00e7\u00e3o, a precis\u00e3o e os custos variam com a equipa, o bet\u00e3o, o clima, a espessura, a armadura, a geometria e o m\u00e9todo de cura.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>Cen\u00e1rio<\/th><th>Localiza\u00e7\u00e3o indicativa<\/th><th>Desafio principal<\/th><th>Solu\u00e7\u00e3o recomendada<\/th><th>Prepara\u00e7\u00e3o essencial<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Armaz\u00e9m de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o<\/td><td>Azambuja<\/td><td>Grande \u00e1rea e circula\u00e7\u00e3o intensa de empilhadores<\/td><td>R\u00e9gua laser com operador sentado<\/td><td>Plano de descarga cont\u00ednua e ensaios de planicidade<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unidade industrial<\/td><td>Aveiro<\/td><td>Instala\u00e7\u00e3o futura de maquinaria pesada<\/td><td>R\u00e9gua laser com controlo rigoroso de cota<\/td><td>Base compactada e cotas verificadas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>P\u00e1tio log\u00edstico<\/td><td>Sines<\/td><td>Drenagem e tr\u00e1fego pesado<\/td><td>Sistema compat\u00edvel com pendentes e perfilagem<\/td><td>Projeto de escoamento e juntas bem definidos<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Centro comercial<\/td><td>Set\u00fabal<\/td><td>Prazos curtos e \u00e1reas interiores<\/td><td>M\u00e1quina pedonal ou com operador sentado compacta<\/td><td>Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o com acessos e acabamento<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Oficina autom\u00f3vel<\/td><td>Coimbra<\/td><td>\u00c1rea m\u00e9dia com portas e equipamentos fixos<\/td><td>R\u00e9gua pedonal de f\u00e1cil manobra<\/td><td>Sequ\u00eancia de betonagem por zonas<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Terminal de mercadorias<\/td><td>Matosinhos<\/td><td>Superf\u00edcie ampla pr\u00f3xima de atividade portu\u00e1ria<\/td><td>M\u00e1quina de grande alcance e apoio t\u00e9cnico dedicado<\/td><td>Log\u00edstica de materiais e controlo meteorol\u00f3gico<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Em todos estes casos, a fase de p\u00f3s-betonagem \u00e9 decisiva. O corte de juntas deve ocorrer no momento adequado, a cura deve ser aplicada de acordo com a especifica\u00e7\u00e3o e o tr\u00e1fego n\u00e3o deve entrar na laje antes de esta alcan\u00e7ar a resist\u00eancia prevista. A r\u00e9gua laser melhora o nivelamento, mas n\u00e3o compensa falhas de cura, juntas mal dimensionadas ou uma base insuficientemente preparada.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Vanse Machinery para projetos de pavimentos em Portugal<\/h2><p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">Vanse Machinery<\/a> fabrica equipamento para constru\u00e7\u00e3o de pavimentos de bet\u00e3o desde 2013 e disponibiliza solu\u00e7\u00f5es que incluem r\u00e9guas laser pedonais, com operador sentado e com bra\u00e7o articulado, alisadoras mec\u00e2nicas, polidoras, cortadoras, espalhadores e materiais para pavimentos. Para empreiteiros portugueses, a combina\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e1quinas de nivelamento, juntas blindadas e fibras permite estruturar uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o mais completa para lajes industriais, centros log\u00edsticos e \u00e1reas de infraestrutura.<\/p><p>A gama de <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">m\u00e1quinas de nivelamento laser para bet\u00e3o<\/a> \u00e9 desenvolvida com controlo laser, sistemas hidr\u00e1ulicos, motores fi\u00e1veis, componentes resistentes e desenho orientado para a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o em obra; determinados modelos permitem precis\u00e3o de nivelamento ao n\u00edvel do mil\u00edmetro, opera\u00e7\u00e3o em torno de toda a m\u00e1quina e compatibilidade com sistemas de perfilagem tridimensional. A empresa possui certifica\u00e7\u00f5es de gest\u00e3o da qualidade e conformidade europeia aplic\u00e1vel, mais de 50 patentes de inven\u00e7\u00e3o e mais de 200 patentes de modelos de utilidade e desenho, apoiando processos de fabrico e ensaio orientados para refer\u00eancias internacionais. N\u00e3o apresenta uma \u00fanica marca obrigat\u00f3ria para todos os componentes, pelo que o comprador deve confirmar motor e configura\u00e7\u00e3o no or\u00e7amento, mas a sele\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 feita segundo disponibilidade, durabilidade e requisitos do projeto. A Vanse trabalha com utilizadores finais, empreiteiros, distribuidores, revendedores, propriet\u00e1rios de marca e compradores individuais atrav\u00e9s de venda direta, venda por grosso, retalho, produ\u00e7\u00e3o de marca pr\u00f3pria, desenvolvimento sob encomenda e parcerias de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o regional. Embora as suas filiais f\u00edsicas no estrangeiro e recursos de assist\u00eancia estejam concentrados no Sudeste Asi\u00e1tico e no Canad\u00e1, a empresa j\u00e1 exportou para mais de 80 pa\u00edses, incluindo mercados europeus como Espanha, It\u00e1lia, Alemanha e Reino Unido, e apoia Portugal atrav\u00e9s da sua rede internacional de distribuidores, especialistas t\u00e9cnicos, diagn\u00f3stico remoto e atendimento multilingue cont\u00ednuo. O apoio inclui consulta antes da compra, sele\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e1quina, solu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica, entrega, instala\u00e7\u00e3o, coloca\u00e7\u00e3o em servi\u00e7o, forma\u00e7\u00e3o individual por engenheiros, orienta\u00e7\u00e3o de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as e apoio por telefone, v\u00eddeo e canais digitais. Para projetos industriais, disponibiliza solu\u00e7\u00f5es EPC, chave-na-m\u00e3o e para instala\u00e7\u00f5es pertencentes ao cliente; n\u00e3o opera modelos BOO nem servi\u00e7os de fornecimento a granel no local. Esta estrutura permite aos compradores portugueses tratar a Vanse como parceiro t\u00e9cnico de longo prazo, e n\u00e3o apenas como exportador remoto.<\/p><p>Para projetos com elevada produ\u00e7\u00e3o di\u00e1ria, a categoria de <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">r\u00e9guas laser com operador sentado<\/a> merece an\u00e1lise detalhada. Estas m\u00e1quinas s\u00e3o adequadas para grandes \u00e1reas cont\u00ednuas onde a rapidez de execu\u00e7\u00e3o, a estabilidade operacional e a redu\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00e3o de obra s\u00e3o fatores determinantes. A escolha final deve ser validada com base em \u00e1rea, acessos, espessura de laje e disponibilidade de assist\u00eancia.<\/p><p>Os compradores podem tamb\u00e9m consultar o servi\u00e7o de <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">apoio t\u00e9cnico para equipamentos de bet\u00e3o<\/a> para esclarecer forma\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as, diagn\u00f3stico \u00e0 dist\u00e2ncia e prepara\u00e7\u00e3o de opera\u00e7\u00e3o. Para informa\u00e7\u00e3o geral sobre o fabricante e a sua capacidade produtiva, est\u00e1 dispon\u00edvel o <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">portal da Vanse Machinery<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Tend\u00eancias para 2026: tecnologia, sustentabilidade e exig\u00eancia de qualidade<\/h2><p>Em 2026, a procura por pavimentos industriais mais eficientes continuar\u00e1 a ser influenciada pelo crescimento da log\u00edstica, pela moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o de f\u00e1bricas e pela necessidade de reduzir desperd\u00edcios em obra. A expans\u00e3o de instala\u00e7\u00f5es de com\u00e9rcio eletr\u00f3nico, armazenamento refrigerado, produ\u00e7\u00e3o alimentar e pequenas unidades industriais dever\u00e1 manter a import\u00e2ncia dos pavimentos de bet\u00e3o de elevada qualidade em Portugal.<\/p><p>No campo tecnol\u00f3gico, a integra\u00e7\u00e3o entre recetores laser, controlo hidr\u00e1ulico mais preciso, registo digital de dados e perfilagem tridimensional tende a aumentar. Os empreiteiros procurar\u00e3o m\u00e1quinas capazes de trabalhar em geometrias mais complexas, com melhor controlo de pendentes e maior rastreabilidade do processo de execu\u00e7\u00e3o. A forma\u00e7\u00e3o do operador continuar\u00e1 a ser essencial, porque a digitaliza\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o substitui a leitura do bet\u00e3o fresco nem o planeamento da frente de trabalho.<\/p><p>A sustentabilidade ser\u00e1 outro fator relevante. Uma laje corretamente nivelada pode reduzir consumo de materiais de regulariza\u00e7\u00e3o posterior, retrabalhos e desperd\u00edcio de bet\u00e3o. A utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o criteriosa de fibras, endurecedores, materiais reciclados aprovados e estrat\u00e9gias de cura eficientes pode contribuir para uma solu\u00e7\u00e3o com menor impacto, desde que respeite o projeto estrutural e as normas aplic\u00e1veis.<\/p><p>As exig\u00eancias de seguran\u00e7a, documenta\u00e7\u00e3o e durabilidade tamb\u00e9m aumentar\u00e3o. Compradores portugueses dever\u00e3o valorizar fabricantes que forne\u00e7am documenta\u00e7\u00e3o clara, forma\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as, procedimentos de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o e suporte t\u00e9cnico verific\u00e1vel. A decis\u00e3o mais sustent\u00e1vel n\u00e3o \u00e9 necessariamente a m\u00e1quina mais barata, mas a que mant\u00e9m produtividade, seguran\u00e7a e disponibilidade durante toda a vida \u00fatil prevista.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Boas pr\u00e1ticas de opera\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2><p>Antes de cada betonagem, confirme o estado do emissor laser, carregamento de baterias, limpeza dos recetores, fixa\u00e7\u00e3o da l\u00e2mina, n\u00edvel de fluido hidr\u00e1ulico, combust\u00edvel, lubrifica\u00e7\u00e3o e funcionamento dos comandos. Fa\u00e7a um teste de nivelamento numa zona controlada e valide a refer\u00eancia de cota com instrumentos de medi\u00e7\u00e3o adequados.<\/p><p>Durante a execu\u00e7\u00e3o, mantenha comunica\u00e7\u00e3o cont\u00ednua entre o operador da m\u00e1quina, a equipa da bomba, os respons\u00e1veis pelo espalhamento e os acabadores. O bet\u00e3o deve chegar de forma regular, sem grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es de consist\u00eancia. A m\u00e1quina deve avan\u00e7ar com velocidade compat\u00edvel com a quantidade de material dispon\u00edvel, evitando cavidades, acumula\u00e7\u00f5es excessivas e paragens prolongadas sobre a laje fresca.<\/p><p>Ap\u00f3s a obra, lave cuidadosamente as superf\u00edcies em contacto com bet\u00e3o antes do endurecimento do material. Inspecione l\u00e2minas, mangueiras, uni\u00f5es, cabos, recetores e elementos m\u00f3veis. Registe horas de funcionamento e interven\u00e7\u00f5es de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o. Esta rotina reduz avarias inesperadas e ajuda a proteger o valor de revenda do equipamento.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Perguntas frequentes<\/h2><h3>Uma r\u00e9gua laser substitui totalmente o acabamento manual?<\/h3><p>N\u00e3o. A m\u00e1quina reduz o trabalho de espalhamento e nivelamento manual, mas continua a ser necess\u00e1ria uma equipa competente para preparar a base, gerir o bet\u00e3o, tratar bordos, executar juntas, aplicar cura e realizar o acabamento final exigido.<\/p><h3>Qual \u00e9 a diferen\u00e7a entre uma r\u00e9gua laser pedonal e uma m\u00e1quina com operador sentado?<\/h3><p>A vers\u00e3o pedonal \u00e9 normalmente mais compacta e adequada a \u00e1reas menores ou com acessos limitados. A m\u00e1quina com operador sentado tende a oferecer maior produtividade e conforto em lajes industriais amplas, desde que exista espa\u00e7o de manobra.<\/p><h3>A r\u00e9gua laser pode trabalhar com bet\u00e3o refor\u00e7ado com fibras?<\/h3><p>Sim, desde que a formula\u00e7\u00e3o, a dosagem, a consist\u00eancia e o procedimento de acabamento sejam definidos corretamente. O fornecedor da m\u00e1quina, o produtor de bet\u00e3o e o projetista devem alinhar o m\u00e9todo antes da execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><h3>\u00c9 necess\u00e1rio utilizar um emissor laser separado?<\/h3><p>Na maioria das configura\u00e7\u00f5es, sim. O emissor estabelece a refer\u00eancia de n\u00edvel que os recetores da m\u00e1quina utilizam para corrigir automaticamente a altura da l\u00e2mina. Confirme se est\u00e1 inclu\u00eddo na proposta.<\/p><h3>Uma m\u00e1quina laser \u00e9 indicada para pavimentos exteriores com pendente?<\/h3><p>Pode ser indicada, sobretudo quando associada a solu\u00e7\u00f5es de controlo adequadas e, em certos casos, a perfilagem tridimensional. A viabilidade depende das pendentes, da drenagem, da geometria e da especifica\u00e7\u00e3o do projeto.<\/p><h3>Que assist\u00eancia deve ser exigida por um comprador em Portugal?<\/h3><p>Exija forma\u00e7\u00e3o de operadores, manuais compreens\u00edveis, pe\u00e7as sobresselentes identificadas, diagn\u00f3stico remoto, contacto t\u00e9cnico definido, processo de garantia por escrito e capacidade de resposta durante per\u00edodos cr\u00edticos de betonagem.<\/p><h3>\u00c9 melhor comprar ou alugar uma r\u00e9gua laser?<\/h3><p>O aluguer pode ser adequado para utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o ocasional ou para testar uma tecnologia. A compra costuma fazer mais sentido para empresas que executam pavimentos industriais regularmente e pretendem controlar disponibilidade, forma\u00e7\u00e3o e custos operacionais.<\/p><h3>Que documentos devem acompanhar a m\u00e1quina?<\/h3><p>Confirme a documenta\u00e7\u00e3o de conformidade aplic\u00e1vel ao mercado europeu, manual de opera\u00e7\u00e3o, instru\u00e7\u00f5es de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o, informa\u00e7\u00e3o de seguran\u00e7a, lista de pe\u00e7as recomendadas, condi\u00e7\u00f5es de garantia e registo de forma\u00e7\u00e3o quando fornecido.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Conclus\u00e3o<\/h2><p>Uma r\u00e9gua laser para bet\u00e3o \u00e9 um investimento estrat\u00e9gico para obras que exigem produtividade, cotas consistentes e pavimentos mais regulares. Em Portugal, a escolha deve basear-se no tipo de projeto, na capacidade da equipa, na log\u00edstica do bet\u00e3o e na qualidade do apoio t\u00e9cnico dispon\u00edvel. Ao comparar fornecedores, valorize documenta\u00e7\u00e3o, demonstra\u00e7\u00e3o, forma\u00e7\u00e3o, pe\u00e7as e experi\u00eancia comprov\u00e1vel em pavimentos industriais.<\/p><p>Com planeamento adequado, uma m\u00e1quina de nivelamento laser pode ajudar empreiteiros e donos de obra a executar lajes para log\u00edstica, ind\u00fastria, com\u00e9rcio e infraestruturas com maior controlo de qualidade e melhor previsibilidade de prazo.<\/p><\/section>","ar-title":"\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627","ar-meta":"\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.","ar-content":"<h1>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h1><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/h2><p>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u064a. \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u0647.<\/p><p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/p><p>\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u061f<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/h2><p>\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639<\/th><th>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/th><th>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628<\/td><td>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0645<\/td><td>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/td><td>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><td>\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td><td>\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/h2><p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/th><th>\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647<\/th><th>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/th><th>\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td><td>\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632<\/td><td>\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/td><td>\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td><td>\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><td>\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/td><td>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td><td>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635<\/td><td>\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0632\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0643<\/h2><p>\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0643.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/th><th>\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u061f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061f<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628\u061f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0623\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/td><td>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u061b \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/td><td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/td><td>\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/td><td>\u062d\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/td><td>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/h2><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0635\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0641.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/p><table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0629<\/th><th>\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/th><th>\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/th><th>\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635<\/td><td>\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/td><td>\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c<\/td><td>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0647\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><td>\u0642\u0635 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/td><td>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/h2><p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p><p>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p><p>\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/\">\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0661\u0663\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0665\u0660 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0662\u0660\u0660 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u064a\u0632\u0648 \u0669\u0660\u0660\u0661 \u0648\u0633\u064a \u0625\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627\u064e\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0668\u0660 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0661\u0660\u0660 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\">\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631<\/a> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/concrete-laser-leveling-machine\/ride-on\">\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/technical-service\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/company-profile\">\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/h2><p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f. \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p><p>\u064a\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0637.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0662\u0660\u0662\u0666<\/h2><p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f.<\/p><p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0644\u0627. \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p><h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u061f<\/h3><p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p><h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p><h3>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630.<\/p><h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061f<\/h3><p>\u0627\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a<\/h2><p>\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629.<\/p><p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p><\/section>"},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":1,"label":"Uncategorized"}]},"featured_image_src_large":["https:\/\/vansemac.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/concrete-laser-screed-yz25-444264765800.jpg",730,973,false],"author_info":{"display_name":"yiyunyingalex","author_link":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/author\/yiyunyingalex\/"},"comment_info":"","category_info":[{"term_id":1,"name":"Uncategorized","slug":"uncategorized","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":1,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":72,"filter":"raw","cat_ID":1,"category_count":72,"category_description":"","cat_name":"Uncategorized","category_nicename":"uncategorized","category_parent":0}],"tag_info":false,"permalink_manager":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12862"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13133,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12862\/revisions\/13133"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3466"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vansemac.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}